Exam on Religion Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Exam on Religion - Essay Example Because of this, the Young Earth Creationism Theory posits that the Earth is merely 6,000 years old. However, based on scientific findings, the Earth is 4.6 billion years old already. This puts it in a compromising stage, whereas the Day-Age Creationism can bridge both the scientific and religious data and that in fact, a single day (or yom in Hebrew) can mean an indefinite long period of time. This can be more accurate compared to the Young Earth Theory in a sense that a single day can be stretched into at least a thousand to a billion years, so theoretically, with six billion years allotted for creating the Earth, this is nearer that the actual age of the Earth. This means that the Day-Age Creationism is more feasible because there are also scientific results that support it. The Book of Revelations is seen as the go-to of apocalyptic literature. It states how Christ will return to the Earth, after chaos, war, pestilence, famine and persecution. It tells the story about the Wrath o f god, against all the false prophets and their followers, and all this suffering is overseen by God. He, in fact, released Satan and defeated him too (20:7-9) and later resided with the rest of humanity in New Jerusalem (21:2-8). This story is parallel to the Story of Job, albeit in a small scale. Job is also undertaken a series of tests to affirm his loyalty with the Lord. In fact, he was â€Å"sold out† to Satan to test his faith, although we know that in the end, Satan failed to corrupt him and the Lord even made Job richer and better than he ever was before (42:1-17).. The pattern is the same. Job can symbolize humanity and he has been punished, and was being prepped for the coming of the Lord. Humanity, in the Book of Revelations is also punished and was being prepped for the coming of the Lord and at the end of the punishment, the Lord replaced the Old Earth with a New Earth and there is no more suffering or death, and the curse ended (22: 6-21). Yes, I think the Book of Revelations is an expanded version of the Book of Job. 3. What are the implications and parallelisms of Ruth’s and Esther’s story in the Bible? The story of Ruth in the Bible is seemingly put there to explain David’s ancestry and nothing else. Esther’s story, on the other hand, merely recounts of the Festival of Purim came to be. The reasons for their places in the bible appear trivial but they are, in fact, not. Ruth, with her familial relations to King David, may as well be the New Abraham and Esther’s story of saving her people can make her the female counterpart of Moses. Abraham and Ruth, both ancestors of the great character in the Bible, even shared the same experiences like barrenness and famine (Abraham went down†¦ Gen 12:10 and There was famine in the land†¦ Ruth 1:2 ) and they traveled the same sojourn too. Esther’s story of saving her people was similar to that of Moses’ story too. Both were leaders or at leas t people of power and both are liberators of their people in a foreign place and they also kept their faith a secret at first. Even the festivals are parallel: The Passover celebrates the deliverance of Israel through the Passover while the Purim celebrates the Israelite’s survival on Haman’s pogrom. This implies that the Bible puts importance to women, and is, in fact, a gender-sensitive book, especially in this respect. 4. Use form criticism to analyze 2 Samuel 12:1-4. Form criticism attempts to trace a scripture from its early days in oral

What is justice what aspects of our society make it a just society Essay

What is justice what aspects of our society make it a just society what aspect make it unjust - Essay Example Majority of values are described as just after the unequal aspects are eliminated to deliver equality. However, the result is better attained using moral values to differentiate a just society from an unjust setting. Justice in society has been determined from the political system or key decision makers that implement governance policies. Sen (2009) suggest that these policies should be placed to balance the resources among all individuals. An unjust system would favour the dominant group in society with the influence to favour poor decisions. The resources in the just society eliminate vices and adverse conditions like poverty. This is because the policies implemented would create equal opportunities to sustain development (Sen, 2009). Injustice prevails when there is intense prevalence of poverty and tyrannical decision making from the leaders. Slave morality as suggested by Nietzsche exemplifies justice within the society. This is because the theory had been placed to support the weak in society in protest against the unjust dictatorial wealthy class. The oppressed should be accorded equal opportunity to express their desires and opinions within a just system to generate equality in the society. The just society has been termed as the system that favours the prevalence of ideas and opinions of all the members in the society. Each member is regarded highly and their requirements provided by their government system. Moreover, the moral values in equality and fairness prevail in a just

Electromagnetic Field in MRI

Electromagnetic Field in MRI Haoqi Yu Physics 2702 Tatiana Seletskaia MRI is an abbreviation of magnetic resonance imaging, it is first discovered by two physicists in 1947, Felix Bloch and Edward Mills Purcell. MRI is an imaging device that uses both powerful magnetic fields and radio frequency to produce detailed pictures organs and structures inside the human body. It is mainly used to detect the oscillations of hydrogen atoms. The magnetic field strength in an MRI machine is measured in Tesla (T), majority of clinical MRI are performed at 1.5 or 3T. The MRI machines produces an extremely strong magnetic field up to 50,000 times that of the Earths magnetic field and electromagnet of similar strength would be able to pick up a car. Static magnetic fields are created by the flow of direct current electricity, The human body is made up of 70% of water, which is largely composed of water molecules. A water molecule consists of two atoms of hydrogen and one atom of oxygen. MRI relies on the magnetic properties of a hydrogen atom to produce images. Hydrogen being the simplest element in the periodic table, it consists of just a single proton for its nucleus, with no neutrons and is orbited by a single electron. A way to model a proton is to think of it as a sphere composed of positive current loops that are stacked to one another.   Like the earth, proton has a spin, a north and south pole, and it spins around its magnetic pole. As a positive spinning charged particle, it produces a magnetic dipole moment. Normally, the proton is oriented randomly so there is no overall magnetic field, it will just spin regularly. When it is placed in an electromagnetic field, the proton will start precessing, at a rate depending on the field strength of the MRI system. The components of the MRI system incl ude the primary magnet, gradient magnet, radiofrequency (RF) coils, and the computer system. The primary magnetic field refers to the strength of the static permanent field, hydrogen atoms align parallel or antiparallel to the primary field (B0), this is called longitudinal magnetization. The main purpose of this RF pulse is to disturb the protons which are precessing. A greater proportion of the hydrogen protons aligns to the direction parallel to the primary magnetic field or low energy state than antiparallel or high energy state. The net magnetic vector is in the direction of the primary magnetic field. The proton spin around the long axis of the primary magnetic field is called precession, the precession rate is called the Larmor frequency. When protons precess together, this is known as in phase, when protons process separately, that is known as out of phase. The frequency changes in proportion to the magnetic field strength at 1.5T is 63.9MHz. The gradient coils generate secondary magnetic field over the primary field, they are located within the bore of the primary magnet. They are arranged in opposition to each other to produce positive and negative poles, the arrangement of these gradient coils gives MRI the capacity to image directionally along x, y, z axis. Gradient magnets alter the strength of the primary magnetic field, thereby changing the procession frequencies between slices. The RF coil is used to transmit a second magnetic field, which results in a disturbance of the proton alignment. Some low energy parallel protons flip to a higher energy state, decreasing longitudinal magnetization. Protons then become synchronized and precess in phase. Thus, a net magnetization vector turns towards the transverse plane to the primary magnetic field. The radio frequency coil is used to receive signals to create images as protons resume their normal state in the primary magnetic field prior to transmission of the RF pulse. A fter the RF pulse, protons flip back to their low energy state parallel to the primary magnetic field. MRI machines uses static magnetic fields in the range of 200 to 3000mT. Static magnetic fields are generated by permanent magnets, wherever electricity is used in form of direct current through superconductors. The signal with the body increases as the field strength of the static field increases. The MRI machine gets the image from the hydrogen body in our body, when the body is in the MRI, it activates the hydrogen atoms. It puts them in a state where there now susceptible to forms of energy, when radio frequency energy is added, the hydrogen atoms are in a high-energy state. When hydrogen atoms are in the high-energy state, they are going to try to decrease its energy level and release it to the surrounding structures. Hydrogen atoms in fat have a different frequency in terms of its ability to release radio frequency energy, so the MRI image is bright and dark. References YouTube. Ominhs, 14 Oct. 2011. Web. 07 Mar. 2017.  . Magnetic resonance imaging. BMJ : British Medical Journal. Ed. Abi Berger. BMJ, 05 Jan. 2002. Web. 07 Mar. 2017. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Encyclopà ¦dia Britannica. Encyclopà ¦dia Britannica, inc., n.d. Web. 07 Mar. 2017. Blink, Evert J. Mri : Physics. Mri Physics. N.p., n.d. Web. 7 Mar. 2017. Schild, Hans H. MRI, made easy ( well almost). Berlin: Schering, 1990. Print. Static Fields. Static Fields: 3. What Are the Sources of Static Magnetic Fields? Green Facts, n.d. Web. 07 Mar. 2017.

Modernism and Postmodernism in Shakespeares Othello Essay -- GCSE Eng

Othello teaches us much about our current postmodern culture. The play connects to our ideas of sexism, male-bonding, racism and capitalism. Shakespeare uses these universal and timeless flaws in humanity along with our use of language and truth to tell his tale. Iago, over a period of about three days, uses these facets of humanity to turn Othello against his wife Desdemona and his friend Cassio. Othello reveals both the struggle of the British people of the early 1600's and Americans in the late 1900's with sexism, capitalism and racism. In Othello men see women as objects to control, first by their father, and then by their husband. When Iago yells to Brabantio, telling him his daughter has gone off to marry Othello, he yells "Thieves, thieves! / Look to your house, your daughter, and your bags! / Thieves, thieves!" (Othello I.i.79-80). Othello has taken away Brabantio's property, his daughter, and is called a thief because of it. Desdemona refuses to be treated like property, however and makes "A gross revolt, / tying her duty, beauty, wit and fortunes" (Othello I.i.134-135) to Othello. Her marriage to Othello is not an act of a free woman, but a revolt by Brabantio's property. Desdemona is also incapable of independent feelings or thoughts. Othello must have "Enchanted her" (Othello I.ii.63), "In chains of magic" (Othello I.ii.65), because she could never make such a choice on her own. In Brabantio's mind, only he can know what is in Desdemona's best interest and then choose it for her. Brabantio tries to guard he r, but Desdemona has "Run from her guardage" (Othello I.ii.70). In Othello the culture of the time treats women as objects to be guarded and watched over, too tender and gentle to fend for themselves in a dang... ...hooses for her, this taking of a different role is similar to Othello's efforts to fit into the European world. Othello's lack of definitive truth is postmodern. Othello does have an emphasis of characters over environment. Although the characters represent different aspects of society, Shakespeare takes great care in developing them and their internal traits. The lack of definitive truth in Othello's world creates chaos, but Othello refuses to just accept this chaos, he chooses Iago over Desdemona's version of events. Othello combines modernism and postmodernism in its discussion of language and truth. Although Othello contains many elements from both periods, it is mostly modern, due to it's setting and need for characters. The characters decide to fight the chaos inside themselves and in the world. This fight leads to the tragic ending of the play. Â  

Assess Reasons

Assess the reasons why Thatcher's economic policies were controversial There is little which unites Thatcher's passionate supporters, and equally passionate critics. However, both camps would agree that she was, without question, one of the most controversial prime ministers the UK has seen, and her economic policies were at the heart of that controversy. She instituted an economic revolution in the KICK, bringing the post-war consensus to a crashing halt, and replacing it with a free-market ideology which remains in place today.So there is surprisingly little controversy over whether she was successful in implementing her policies, but rather the controversy is whether her economic policy successes were either necessary or desirable. There is no answer to this conundrum, as any answer must be dependent upon the values of the beholder. All of her individual policies, such as monetarism, prevarication, and trade union reform, generated their own controversies, but perhaps the greatest controversy was over the sort of nation which those reforms created.The first, and perhaps most controversial, economic policy Thatcher imposed was monetarism. This theory, described as â€Å"crazy† by revises Tory Chancellor, Reginald Maudlin, envisaged controlling inflation through restricting the money supply, and Thatcher moved quickly in her first term to implement it, through a squeeze on public spending and an increase in interest rates to a high of 17% to restrict borrowing. The first controversy was whether monetarism even worked. Supporters argued that it was responsible for bringing inflation down from 19% in 1979, to 5% in 1983.Opponents, on the other hand, argued that this had more to do with the descent of the UK economy into recession during Thatcher's first term, and a crease in the price of oil following the Iranian revolution in 1979. Perhaps a clue as to the correct answer can be found in Thatcher's quiet abandonment of any attempts to control the money su pply early in her second term. Nevertheless, almost irrespective of whether monetarism directly lowered inflation, what is not in dispute is that it did cause a rapid growth in unemployment, from 5. 7% in 1979 to 13% in 1982.As unemployment topped mm, higher than at any time since the great depression of the sass, riots broke out in major cities, with particularly severe violence in Text and Britton. The depth of the controversy over the economic choices Thatcher was making can be illustrated not only by burning barricades in the inner cities, but also by the arguments within her own Cabinet, with the â€Å"wets†, led by Jim Prior, urging her to change course. Ultimately, the most significant controversy over monetarism was that all governments since the war had seen the maintenance of full employment as their primary economic policy goal.Thatcher saw unemployment, even mass unemployment, as a price worth paying for controlling inflation, which she saw as a greater evil. The fact that monetarism inspired riots, furious public opposition, and internal dissent, might imply that it was the most controversial of her economic policies. Nevertheless, even after the abandonment of monetarism, Thatcher's next flagship economic policy was to inspire yet more controversy : the crushing of the trade unions.Thatcher saw the Unions as â€Å"the enemy within†, and blamed them for the defeat of the last Conservative government in 1974. Again breaking with the post-war consensus, she saw trade unions not as partners to work as part of a troika with Government and employers, UT as implacable foes of the free-market. She gambled that the Winter of Discontent had undermined support for unions, and set out to destroy their influence. First she passed three Employment Acts in 1 980, 1 982 and 1 984, and then she defeated both the miners and the print-workers in their respective strikes.Even her opponents would concede that she was extremely successful in achieving he r goals, as union membership fell from 50% of the workforce in 1979 to less than 35% in 1 990, while strike days lost fell from 29. Mm in 1979 to 1 -mm in 1990. However, it was those goals which ere controversial, and again, that controversy was based on different views Of what a Government's priority should be. Other post-War Governments had accepted the concept that improving terms and conditions, and seeking to obtain increases in real wages for employees, was a desirable goal.Thatcher and her supporters, however, took the view that such aims were impediments to the functioning of a free-market, in which employers could only compete effectively if they had the right to hire and fire at will, and if employees could be forced to accept lower wages and less secure terms and notations. If previous Governments had seen their role as a neutral arbiter between workers and managers, Thatcher placed the government very firmly behind managers and owners of businesses, while arguing that th is was also in the interests of employees.At the time, the controversy centered on the immediate struggles of the Miners' Strike and the Yapping Dispute, with whole communities in mining areas laid waste. However, perhaps the real controversy is over the impact of the policy in the longer term. Thatcher's supporters argue that breaking the unions led to more efficient businesses, deter able to compete in the global marketplace, and point to such evidence as in increase in growth rates from an average of 1. % in the period 1950-79, to 2. 1% in 1979-90. The opposing argument, however, is that while the GAP of the UK rose by 108% in the thirty years after Thatcher's election, the proportion of GAP paid in wages has declined from 65% to less than 50%, with a far higher proportion of GAP going to the wealthiest in society through non-wage income such as dividends and bonuses.

Assess individual in health care Essay

Compare and contrast the range and purpose of different forms of assessment. Prior to moving into an organisation all individuals are assessed as are the care providers to ensure that placements can meet and preferences of the individuals. The organisation conducts independent assessments by a qualified key member of the team to assess the needs and preferences of the individual to ensure that the organisation have the facilities and resources to cater for them. The key areas for assessments for needs and preferences would be: Emotional Physical Social Leisure Key professionals then hold a Care Planning Assessment (CPA) meeting along the individual to discuss the outcomes of assessments. Active support is provided holistically within a role package for all individuals for all aspects of living. This is implemented through means of care plans and structured weekly planners. Before an individual is identified as needing specialist care and support, they must undergo a series of assessments. These assessments may not diagnose a learning disability, but they do decide whether the individual will receive social care. This explains the types of assessment an individual may undergo, including: – Official process or corporate screening procedures – Clinical assessments – Behavioural assessments – Holistic assessments – Person Centred Planning (PCP) – Comprehensive assessments and care plans A range of assessments can take place in the social care field where the differing assessment processes include: comprehensive assessment community care assessment multidisciplinary assessment needs assessment social functioning assessment psychiatric assessment risk assessment performance assessment health and safety assessment behavioural assessment Intellectual assessment. Any individuals moving in a care home need to be assessed which is call a pre-admission assessment. This assessment is held by a qualified member of a staff or the home manager. The organisation will take into consideration the activity of the daily living, the past medical history, social and personal background, a formal/informal assessment and a visual assessment is carried out. The pre admission assessment of individuals should involve: Name of the individuals, date of birth, marital status and address Next of Kin, relationships, family and friends involvement contact details and address GP name and address, Social worker name Cultural needs, religion/relevant policies, social background Past medical history, provisional diagnosis Equipment required prior to admission(walking aid, cot sides, specialised bed, pressure relieving equipment) The activity of the daily living: Maintaining a safe environment Communication Breathing Nutrition Elimination Hygiene Mobility Sleeping Pressure care Medication Physical capabilities Mental well being Knowledge & understanding of condition Dying 1.2 Explain how partnership work can positively support assessment processes Working in partnership with GP, Families, friends and other care professionals (social worker /advocate) give a better understanding of what care the individuals needs and if these needs are met. Having gained a lot of information about the individual the organisation will be able to build a better picture of the service user. This will highlight the principles which determine good practice including: – Choice – Rights – Respect and dignity – Individuality – Privacy – Confidentiality – Emotional needs (and empathy) – Independence – Valuing people The purpose of assessment is to describe and evaluate an individual’s presented needs and how he is to be supported to live a full and independent life. The impact of a person’s needs on his or her independence daily functioning and quality of life is evaluated, so that appropriate action can be planned. Assessment involves both the person with needs and professionals explanations how different needs interact. Working in partnership with other professional bodies ensures service users using services are benefited. However basic personal and holistic information is gathered from family, friends or people whom the service user was known to and previous life activities/background. This information helps to carry out assessment and build up care plan in such a way, and be sufficiently transparent, for individuals to: Gain better understand of their situation Identify the option that are available for managing their own lives Identify the outcomes required from any help that is provided Understand the basis on which decisions are reached  Appropriate service provision can then be planned both in the immediate and the long term to promote or preserve independence. One key principle is that the person’s views and wishes shape the assessment process. Individual is helped to prepare their contribution to the assessment and having the right information. Support and advocacy arrangements available will facilitate this. Assessment should be responsive to people’s changing circumstances of independence over time. Therefore an effective assessment of individual is crucial when appropriate of family members; carers and other care professionals are involved. Implementation assessment process by health and social care agencies will promote better care services and better outcomes for service users and more effective use of professional resources. Basic information will be checked and validated by the agreement of the service users to confirm that is up to date and accurate. Assessment builds a rounded picture of the service user’s needs and circumstances including not only health social care issues but also relevant : Housing Benefits Transport & other issues.  It is essential that the organization work in partnership with all of the people surrounding the individuals in order to ensure the best possible support and care is provided. This will include carers, families, advocates and other people. In order to work well in partnership, there has to be good communication and the organization will need to have good communication skills. Learning from others and working in partnership is important. It will help to understand the aims and objectives of different people and partner organization as they may have different views, attitudes and approaches. The organization will work together sharing relevant information with each other to ensure the individual receives the best support and care possible. These include: Doctors Other health professionals Nurses Social workers Advocates Physiotherapists Occupational therapists Welfare benefit advisors Personal financial advisors It is essential that everyone’s focus is on providing the best care and support to individuals for example:- Supporting the individual to achieve their goals and be as independent as possible. Respecting and maintaining the dignity and privacy of individuals Promoting equal opportunities and respecting diversity and different cultures and values Reporting dangerous abusive, discriminatory or exploitative behaviour or practice. Communicating in an appropriate, open, accurate and straight forward way Sharing knowledge and respecting views of others to achieve positive outcomes for individuals. 2.1 Initiate early assessment of the individual An early assessment of the individual is done on pre admission to the care organisation. The assessment of the service user needs and abilities is taken into consideration as person centred. As a manager I currently looked at:- Hearing/Sight/Speech – any impairment, aids severe/complete loss Comprehension – Clear understanding or any support needs Ability to make choices – Identify how the service user wants to append the day and agree â€Å"daily life† plan. Orientation – know where they are and review the service user safety and security Memory- need to assess capacity Well being – any anxiety, agitated /restlessness Mobility and Walking, Moving – complete moving and handling assessment sheet immediately on admission. Any risk identified include in care plan Potential to fall – Complete falls risk assessment immediately on admission. Dexterity – use of hands well and effectively. Oral care – How he/she clean teeth/ can he/she deal with their dentures Washing, dressing and foot care – identify preferred toiletries/ hairdresser/barber Re: hairdressing requirements or make observations on foot care ask if any problem. May consider visual assessment Skin condition – complete pressure sore risk assessment within 4 hours of admission. Any risk identified care plans required. Categorise pressure ulcers. Use body  map and wound assessment form. Photograph skin with consent and make a referral for specialist advice. Sleeping – Ask service user if sleep well or experiencing difficulty with sleeping, need night sedation or any warm drinks or reassurance. Medication – risk assessment and care plan required. Observe effect of medication and record outcomes. Arrange six monthly reviews with GP (as a minimum). If medication given covertly check capacity following the capacity assessment and arrange multi disciplinary assessment. Financia l choice/arrangements – check capacity Personal perspective – religious beliefs, cultural interests, education requirements and family involvement. Name of advocate, relationship and contact number. Nutritional risk – check level of nutritional risk using the MUST risk assessment tool. Complete MUST nutritional risk assessment within 24 hours. Any risk/problems identified: food diary and care plan required. Inform chef, consult dietician as required. Food and Preferences – Record any allergies or diets. Assistance in choosing meals, specific dietary requirements as a result of an allergy, medical condition or religious belief Drinking and eating abilities – eat & drink independently, guidance, prompting or help in cutting food/ need to be fed. Consider use of a fluid balance chart. Swallowing – Any swallowing difficulties, require soft diet, a liquidised diet/or thickened fluids; be at risk of choking or aspiration, assess risk of choking. Require feeding e.g. PEG feeding. Mood/emotion – what make him/her happy/sad? Complete geriatric depression scale. Low moods or mood swings /feel suicidal. Relationships and interaction – Relaxed, distressed behaviour/ frequently restless or agitated which impacts on their daily living. Observation if demonstrate intense anger or distress. Response to care intervention – ask what are their expectations? Able to make own choices, resistance to care or need encouragement. Urinary continence – How manage going to the toilet. Manage independently with aids. Ask for specific aids. If has a catheter what type. Faecal continence – how manage bowels. Continence assessment required specific aids. If has a stoma what type is this temp or permanent. Breathing – Any breathing problem, shortness of breath. Airway management e.g. suctioning, tracheotomy, ventilator, oxygen. Specify equipment & complete risk assessment. If smoker complete risk assessment. Pain – Have any pain, experiencing severe pain which is  difficult to control. Use assessment chart in conjunction with or alongside MARR Chart & CP-1-13(b). Refer to GP as required. 2.2 Support the active participation of the individual in shaping the assessment process All individuals are encourages and supported to maintain self identity and individuality. All individuals are encouraged to engage in their Care Plan Assessment (CPA) meetings, formulation of person centred care plans and integration into the wider community. Prior to CPA meetings their personal views, wishes, needs preferences and outcomes. All individuals are encouraged to express their personal views and preferences regarding all aspects of daily living including the care they receive within the organisation and outside resources. Care plans are person centred and are formulated with the input of individuals. CPA meetings are generally set for the individuals are invited to engage and discuss their own care package. Active support is provided holistically within a care package for all individuals for all aspects of living. This would be taking in consideration accessing in-house resources such as e.g. psychology therapy session. Supporting individuals to explore, maintain, and sustain family relationship and research facilities and resources. Al individuals are supported and encouraged to be independent in accessing other health professional such as G.P’s, dentists, opticians etc with the help of necessary staff advocate and liaise on individuals behalf’s. Individuals are offered talk time on a daily basis, this enables them communicate any feelings, wishes, needs and preferences and gain support for any aspects of life they may need. The organisation work in compliance with the regulation that w ould mean respecting and involving service users in shaping their care plan. The service users are enabled to make or participate in making decisions, relating their care or treatment. The individual is provided with appropriate information and support in relation to their care or treatment. Service users or those acting on their behalf are encouraged to understand the care or treatment and choices available and discuss with an appropriate health care professional or other appropriate person the balance of risks and benefits involved in any particular course of care. The service users or advocate are able to express their views as to what is important to them in relation to the care. Where appropriate provide  opportunities for individual to manage their own care and support them to promote their autonomy, independence and community involvement. Taking care to ensure that care is provided to service users with due to regard to their age, sex, religious persuasion, sexual orientation racial origin, cultural linguistic background and any disability they may have. The organisations also ensure that the service users’ human rights are respected and taken into account. Systems are put in place to gain and review consent form people who use services and act on them. Personalised care, treatment and support are given to service users for example:- Care and welfare of people who use services Meeting nutritional needs Cooperating with other providers Safeguarding and safety The organisation ensure applying person centred planning in all aspects of health and social care work particularly in relation to vulnerable individuals e.g. service users with learning disabilities, physical disabilities, mental health issues, total communication, essential lifestyle planning and person centred reviews. Moreover working towards person centred outcomes e.g. satisfaction with care involvement and communicate with service users to find out their history, preferences and wishes. Work sensitively with service users who have an impaired capacity to express consent e.g. adapting working approaches using physical or communication aids, seeking help where necessary. It is vital to listen and respond to service users’ questions and concerns responding appropriately and work to resolve conflicts if consent cannot be established. Seeking extra support and advice where necessary. 2.3 Undertake assessments within the boundaries of own role As a social care manager I should be qualified and meeting the requirement of the CSSIW to be able to work accordingly to carry out service users’ assessment. Good working knowledge of care legislation and regulation and understanding of social care policy developments. I should have excellent verbal communications skills, time management and planning skills and comply with the relevant domains within the skills framework. As a social care manager the main focus of my work will be to undertake care assessments with service users whether in the organisation or pre-admission assessments. I will be working with the service users to develop their care packages which meet their preferred outcomes. As a Registered and qualified care manager I will be accountable for all my responsibilities. I have to contribute to the development of the service users to enable the empowerment of vulnerable individual and liaise with local and other services to promote access to them. I have to ensure in all my work that I recognise the diverse nature of the service user and deliver services accordingly. I have to undertake a timely assessment of an appropriate level and in depth with the service user to determine their level of needs in line with the Skills Framework. Where the service user has a carer I should offer them an independent assessment and identify the outcomes they wish to achieve in their own right and if the assessment is in line with framework policy. I also identify whether the service user or carer are within the framework eligibility criteria for services and inform them of my decision. As a care manager following initial assessment I should decide whether further specialist assessment are required and arrange them as necessary. This could be other specialist e.g. Sensory impairment Occupational Therapy from health or housing services District Nurse SENSE etc. Where Service user or carer does not meet the framework eligibility criteria I should work creatively with them to identify way in which they might make their own arrangement to enable them to achieve their preferred outcomes and care package. As a manager throughout the formation of the care plans, accesses to services are also considered. All service users are entitled to access services, but it is important that there are service users who may need more assistance that most in order to make that decision, for example individuals who suffer from dementia or those with learning disabilities. When making a full assessment of each service user, access to specialist professional support and advice are discussed. Specific services are accessed immediately in response to a service users assessed need, including (but not limited to) health care, nutrition and physiotherapy. However any  mental health needs are recorded and the relevant services provided. Medication needs are assessed and provided as appropriate. Palliative care plans are formulated where necessary. Advocacy services are fully available. 2.4 Make recommendations to support referral processes The referral process is a systematic approach to help service users use services or resources, with the aims of promoting wellness and enhancing self care and quality of care. By gaining their life stories during the care planning process, I can ascertain what may prove to be a positive stimulus for them. Care plans are not tick boxes; they require active engagement to promote the well being and independence of the service user. Continuity of care is an essential feature of the service users’ well- being. When making a referral I should identify: What kind of help the individual needs? Agency /resources that may help individual’s needs Getting the individual ready for the referral by helping her/him to deal with the feelings about asking for help. Individuals are referred to other professionals’ services for example:- Occupational Therapy District nurse if any concerns for pressure sore Speech Therapy Physiotherapy Swallowing Disorders (Dysphagia) in adults Sensory impairment (Blind, Hearing etc.) As a manager working with individuals needs referral to other professional is vital as to promote their well-being. 3.1 Develop a care or support plan in collaboration with the individual that meets their needs Completing risk assessments is another method and one which every care service must involve itself in a regular basis. Risk assessments are an essential tool for me as a manager to understand firmly what is happening to provision of care, whether reviewing medicines  distribution, manual handling, care planning or general health and safety requirements. The risk assessment of risk is part of the process of deciding on outcomes. In assessing risk I should looks at the balance between possible beneficial and harmful outcomes and the likelihood of their occurrence within a stated time scale. Risk assessment are carried out in great detail I ensure that once identified any measures needed to protect service users and staff are put into place as soon as possible considering policies and procedures to promote safety and well being of service users. Risk assessment involves the activity of collecting information through observation, communication and investigation. It is an ongoing process that involves considerable persistence and skill to assemble and manage relevant information in ways that become meaningful for service users as well as the practitioners involved in delivering services and support. To be effective it needs service users’ families, carers and practitioners to interact and talk to each other about making a judgement on any potential harm and measures to reduce this. However during the risk assessment the following should be considered: Individual with a disability or elder people should not simply be seen as the source of risk- their view of risk and that of their families and carers have a prominent place in the identification assessment and management of risk. When gathering information from adults and family/carers all staff need to emphasise the importance of information that is both accurate and ide ntifies any concerns or issues that may increase the probability of any harm occurring. There should be a focus on a person’s â€Å"strengths†. Consideration should be given to the strengths and abilities of the service users their wider social and family networks and the diverse support and advocacy services available to them. A person Centred Approach should be used to identify access and manage risk. An assessment and subsequent risk management plan needs to be clear if it is to protect the service users or others. Each assessment should identify a review date and include the signature of everyone involved in the assessment. Decision making in relation to risk must be clearly evidenced on relevant information. As a manager I need to recognise that there is joint accountability/ownership for risk decision. Practitioners and service users need to know that  support is available if things begin to go wrong. Information sharing needs to be part of the decision making process with regard to appropriate disclosure. This approach supports the recognition of an individual’s right to make informed decisions about the care or support they receive. Working in collaboration to support and meet the individual needs the key features are by person centred planning. There is an approach based on the principles of rights, independence, choice and inclusion of the Individual. As a manager taking into consideration the key legal principles and legislation will help to make informed decisions that promote both the involvement and interest of service users and their families. An understanding of the following legislation is important: Human Rights Act 1998 Disability Rights Act 1995 Mental Capacity Act 2005 Data Protection Act 1998 Health and Safety at work Act 1974 Moreover care Planning is all about improving the lives of those who receive care. Ensuring that I have adequate policies and procedures in place is the first step towards providing effective care planning. Amongst my documentation the care plans are the most significant I will maintain. They should be regularly reviewed and stored in a safe place. I will hold them in both physical and electronic formats and establish a schedule for the following: Full assessments to be undertaken prior to the provision of a service. This should include Mental Health Assessments, Consent Records, Personal Details, Health Details, Palliative Care Needs, Needs Assessment, Record of Involvement etc. Documentation is in place to ensure that the service user is being involved in the formation of their care plans. Cultural needs are being respected and considered. Long-term conditions are being considered. The well-being of the service user is actively promoted. The language used is clear and easy to understand. The service user must always be kept in mind when constructing their care plans, as they must be able to fully understand its contents. Care Plans take the form of  communication tools rather than dictates. A key worker system is in place to match individuals with staff. Relatives and other key individuals are involved in the care planning process. The human rights, dignity and any special concerns are always considered fundamental to the provision of care and the construction of the care plans. Awareness is present of different communication needs in order to inform care planning. Learning disabilities and conditions like dementia should therefore be considered when discussing the care plans for these individuals. Assumptions must always be avoided. Staffs are trained to understand the importance of verbal and non-verbal communication, with respect for situations which may impair understanding. 3.2 Implement interventions that contribute to positive outcomes for the individual The crucial element of care planning is to consider the individual in the process. As the care manager, I need to show that I am planning a service around the identified and agreed needs and desires of the individual rather than fitting a person in my service. In order to achieve best outcomes, I will need to consider how to ensure the full involvement of the individual. It may be that an official care planning document may be threatening and inaccessible. For example, I may be supporting a deaf person who uses British Sign Language, which may need to be translated in another language. Care plans documents vary and I do have some autonomy in terms of the design and content. However, it is important that I can clearly indicate the desired outcome for the individuals. The process for the development of individual care plans should start by gathering information from key sources. These could include; Ser vice user Generally family Social workers Current service providers General practitioners Other health professionals (e.g. psychologists, psychiatrists, nutritionists etc.) Community nurse Intervention and support is considered, once the goals or objectives have been agreed, I need to think about how to implement the plan. I need to be aware of the need for ongoing collaboration with the service user so that  outcomes will be more effectively achieved. I need to ensure that packages are effective throughout their lives and that service users are enabled to get the most from the package designed for and with them. In order to do this, I need to consider how to encourage constructive, ongoing feedback. I will gain a more balanced and useful picture if I invite feedback from a range of sources including: The service user The service user’s family The team members Partners involved in the caring process. Each package must be reviewed at least six month and any changes made. There are different ways of doing this: Meetings with service users to gather their views Internal review meetings Monthly update reports on progress and difficulties Staff meetings The involvement of an advocate for the service users Consultation with others, for example, family members, counsellors and other professionals. 4.1 Develop others’ understanding of the functions of a range of assessment tools As a manager my systems should provide a good framework for practice and ensure consistency for residents. However, most important is the training and awareness of the staff team. Initial training is crucial if staffs are to understand, not only the process, but the reasons for example: For managing medication in the prescribed way. The national minimum standards emphasise the need for accredited. It is also emphasises that the content of such training should include the way in which medication is used, the problems which can arise and the principles which have informed the policy on the management of medication. The most important mechanisms for providing support to resident and staffs are through staff training and development. The Care Standards Act 2000 prescribes in Standard 30 (30.4): That all staff receive a minimum of three paid training days per year ( including in-house training) and have an individual training and development assessment and profile. This minimum requirement will ensure  that team members meet the National Training Organisations workforce training targets and that my practice setting will therefore continue to meet the changing needs of my residents. As a manager, it is my responsibility to take into account and differentiate between individual team members’ abilities as well as their developmental needs. This will be in terms of their knowledge, skills and accredited qualifications and I will have to audit and supervise to ensure that they remain appropriate to their current roles. However this will consider training: Manual Handling Infection control Risk Assessment Care Planning Health and Safety Medications etc. As part of their training, most carers will be expected to develop the skills and knowledge to identify that a client has specific need. Having the knowledge of individuals’ diagnosis enables the staff team to ensure that choices offered and encouraged to individuals are suited to their personal limitations. This also promotes the well being and protection of individuals by having an in depth knowledge of mental health illnesses that could result in them having a detrimental effect on there well being and safety caused by their own behaviour, vulnerability and exploitation. There are also a number of physical conditions that can impair a person’s mental health (i.e.):- An individual whom has diabetes and as a result has a HYPER resulting in them becoming aggressive and disorientated this could be mistaken for the individual displaying challenging behaviour, therefore the staff team need to be aware and have the knowledge of the condition where individual will need medical attention. Another example could be an individual whom has moderate asthma leading to an asthma attack; staff team should have knowledge and understanding of this condition for intervention and treatment for the individuals seeking medical help. As a manager I support staff to observe and use best evidence and knowledge based practice in their work by assisting to identify training needs in these areas through reflective practice and supervision. I also coach and mentor staffs when working with individuals throughout the day the staff team also regularly  engage in reflect practice. There are many training manuals, text book and journals within the work place that staff have access to, enable them to improve their knowledge and understanding of individuals. 4.2 Develop others’ understanding that assessment may have a positive and/or negative impact on an individual and their families. Service users and carers’ families have a critical role to play in success for care planning, and care management. Their involvement is an integral part within each of the thematic headings outlined in this document. Involving them in the following ways:- Sharing of information in respect of the illness and reasons for being there. The assessment process including risk assessment. Safeguarding and developing key social supports networks. The choice of accommodation. Families involvement may sometime cause negative impact on service users well being. For example for (Domiciliary care) Families insisting to shower a service user where no hands are rails are in place, and no appropriate equipments according the service users condition/mobility. Families may think that a service user is not receiving proper hygiene care, whereas on the other hand not taking into consideration the health and safety factor. 4.3 Develop others’ understanding of their contribution to the assessment process. All care staff attends detailed care induction programmes and their ongoing progress is evaluated through regular mentoring and appraisals. Annual training updates are compulsory for all staff. For examples below organisation’s care worker training programme includes: Health and Safety 1974 RIDDOR/COSHH Food hygiene Personal care Back care Communication Bereavement Record keeping Challenging behaviour Confidentiality/Data protection Moving and Positioning Fire safety Emergency First Aid Medication Specialist training dementia Every care worker spends time shadowing more experienced colleagues and is fully supported by the management teams. As a manager I encouraged all carers to undertake further qualifications and wherever possible and provide them with opportunities to extend their studies. All staffs are continually assessed during regular supervision sessions. Carers play a vital role in providing care to people in the care home. As a care manager I encourage staff to carry out health and safety assessments all the time on service users and to report to me any concern. Staffs are made aware about the legislations and why it is important for them as they need to work according to regulators to avoid any mishap. For example: – equipment out of order. 5.1 Review the assessment process based on feedback from the individual and/or others. The organisation aspires to best practice as set by CSSIW in developing implementing, monitoring reviewing service delivery/care plans. Care plans are formulated with where possible with the individual and implemented daily throughout the staff team and staff work in accordance to any guidelines that interlinked with care plans along with risk assessments. Throughout my working role and responsibilities I monitor care plans daily to ensure they are maintained and sustainable. Care plans are reviewed within allocated time scales. Some of the relevant legislation that effects my work roles in regards to service delivery and care plans are:- Health and Safety Act 1974 Care Standard Act 2000 Human Right Act 1998 Data Protection Act 1998 Mental Capacity Act 2005 Mental Health Act 1983 NHS and Community Care Act 1990 Under care standards every individual has the night to have their needs assessed and have these met as far as possible. Within the organisation individual’s needs are constantly changing and being reviewed due to nature of the individuals whom we support and cater for. As a manager I carry out monthly audit anybody involves in the care home e.g.: GP, OT, District Nurse, Service User, Chiropodist, Physiotherapist Speech Therapist Dentist Opticians Dietician Mental Health (Psychiatrists) Social Services CPN As a manager I generally invite all outside agencies and key professionals to complete service questionnaires to enable us as an organisations to maintain and strive for the highest standards of care. As gather feedback from these professionals, whether they think my referrals were relevant and appropriate with my care organisation. I asked them how they feel I have used their knowledge within the time scale. As a manager I include also about outcome. 5.2 Evaluate the outcomes of assessment based on feedback from the individual and/or others. Based on feedback from other professionals involved in service users’ care. We did receive some constructive feedback about how we can improve our performance and service. GPs stated were satisfied with the service provided to our service user and that our care planed it very much up to date. The District Nurse stated in their comments that they are very satisfied about following appropriate treatment and service users are being referred. Service users families are very satisfied as their loved one is  having appropriate care and is well looked after. They are well pleased about the way the service users can make her choice on her care having review meeting on the care planning and taking their concern into consideration. 5.3Develop an action plan to address the findings The purpose of the Action Plan is that a person receiving services has an individualized, personalized plan for their supports, formal and informal. The plan identifies the supports the person has chosen to use, the person’s intention or desired outcomes of their supports, who is responsible for the supports, and, how and when those supports will be reviewed for effectiveness. The plan provides a written summary of Issues and Goals, the Plan/Strategy of each support, the Responsible Person(s) for providing that support, and the Target Dates for completion. The plan is intended to assist the person, and the people who support them, to better understand the intent and purpose of the supports, and who is responsible to carry out each part of the plan. It should be written so that the person can easily understand and refer to it. It should enable a person to easily review their plan and the agreements that have been made. The plan also allows the person to build upon their own strengths and be an active participant in their supports. A plan is completed at the time of initial assessment, should be regularly discussed by the person receiving supports and their case manager, and updated as a person’s support needs change. Progress, lack of progress, and changes to the plan are recorded in the person’s file. Any significant change that triggers the need for a new assessment must also trigger the need for a new plan. I have produced few examples below for action plan:- Client Name: Michael Cornell Date: April 12, 2010 Issues and Goals Plan/Strategy Target Date 1. Issue: I feel down a lot. Goal: Increased energy and interest in their hobbies. -Refer to Elder Care Clinician for further assessment and treatment. 15 April 2010 2. Issue: Not eating well and losing weight. Goal: Eat well to manage my diabetes and gain 10lbs. -Refer to Nutrition Director at CVCOA for nutrition consult for Michael & Jennifer. -Refer to Meals on Wheels (MOW) 2x a week. -Jennifer wants to cook evening & weekend meals. -Michael will have nutritious meals at Barre Project Independence (BPI) 3x a week. -Michael, Jennifer & Marie will review in 3 months progress toward goal. 20 April 2010 Issue: Assistance needed with personal care, dressing, bathing, laundry and housework. Goal: Michael will have the PCA assistance he needs 7x a wk. For independence in his home. Provide PCA 7x a wk. For personal care. 13 April 2010 Michael’s spiritual needs are not being met. Goal: Michael’s spiritual needs will be met through visits from his minister and attending church. 2 -Michael would like Jennifer to call the minister, Barbara Watkins to arrange for a visit. -Michael will let Barbara know that he would like spiritual visits 1-2 x a month if possible. -Jennifer agrees to bring Michael to church 2x a month. Michael’s friend John will bring him 2 x if Michael wants.

Thoreaus Resistance to Civil Government †English Literature Essay (200 Level Course)

Thoreaus Resistance to Civil Government – English Literature Essay (200 Level Course) Free Online Research Papers Thoreaus Resistance to Civil Government English Literature Essay (200 Level Course) While reading Resistance to Civil Government it is clear that Thoreau longs of a government that does not use a standing army and political manipulation to control the masses. It is clear that his vision of the â€Å"American Dream† is one where a citizens do not hand over their decision making powers and freedoms to the legislator or to any power other then themselves. Thoreau implorers the reader to formulate their own opinion on social and economic issues. He asks them to revolt against the â€Å"right hand of a standing government† and that participation in any act of the political process from voting to policing is merely fueling the fire that burns away at personal freedom. For it is freedom that Thoreau sees as the â€Å"American Dream† and nothing less. It is to this pursuit that Thoreau channels his frustration and anger towards. He believes that men are born free both in mind and body. He presents no valid reason why this should ever change. Anything less then this is merely seen as being cheated. â€Å"If you are cheated out of a single dollar by your neighbor, you do not rest satisfied with knowing that you are cheated†. Thoreau is no way a man that is at rest with himself, with dreams, with his government, with his country and certainly not with his readers. He demands action from principle and the performance of right. This is the America that Thoreau wants and anything less would only mean that his fight is not over. Thoreau goes as far as to say that the reader should be prepared to make great sacrifices for their fight to regain personal freedom. Participation in this fight may cause the reader to run the risk of compromising the little personal freedom that is currently possessed. â€Å"The true place for a just man is also a prison†, his claim that the current imprisonment of the mind is far worse then the physical imprisonment threatened. Imprisonment is seen only as a tool by the establishment to herd the masses and should not be feared, as Thoreau sees the reader’s daily life no more free. Thoreau expands on his vision of the â€Å"American Dream† in Walden, or Life in the woods. He makes his point of self-reliance clear within the first few paragraphs of the work by making sure that reader understands that he himself built his house at Walden and that his own hands provide him his living. Even that he feels inclined to state his distance between him and his closest neighbor shows the reader how important the idea of personal space is to him. Personal space not only as it relates the threshold for creative thought but in the very important, but simple, concept of physical distance from that which can control some element of your being. Thoreau sees that his way of life pertinent to his writing, for his conviction would go meaningless if not for his own dedication to Transcendentalism. In so many ways Thoreau, himself, is his main character. No fictional character could up ever live up this standard and it would be a great injustice to think of his life merely as a story. He is a revolutionary that has inspired major conquests in civil rights from Gandhi to Martin Luther King, Jr. Great men such as them would have been so implored by a tail where no real person suffered. Research Papers on Thoreau's Resistance to Civil Government - English Literature Essay (200 Level Course)Mind TravelQuebec and CanadaComparison: Letter from Birmingham and Crito19 Century Society: A Deeply Divided EraTrailblazing by Eric AndersonBook Review on The Autobiography of Malcolm XThe Effects of Illegal ImmigrationPETSTEL analysis of IndiaCapital PunishmentUnreasonable Searches and Seizures

hedging essays

hedging essays Currency and Hedging As business becomes increasingly global more and more firms find it necessary to pay careful attention to foreign exchange exposure and to design and implement appropriate hedging strategies. Exchange rate risk is the unexpected exchange rate changes creating variability in the domestic currency value of current and future cash flows of a company. Foreign exchange risk management begins by identifying what items and amounts a firm has exposed to risk associated with changes in exchange rates. Exchange rate risk thus depends upon how "volatile" exchange rates are and the size of the "exposure" to exchange rate changes meaning the amount of cash flows whose domestic currency value is sensitive to exchange rate changes. Foreign exchange exposure is usually categorized according to whether it falls into one or more of the following categories, for example there are transaction exposure, economic exposure and translation exposure. Transaction exposure is concerned with how changes in exchange rates affect the value of anticipated foreign currency denominated cash flows relating to transactions already entered into. By failing to cover transaction exposure, a firm may incur a vast loss on a single very large receivable or payable denominated in a foreign currency. This may result in an overall loss for the firm in a particular financial period which could in its turn, lead to financial distress. Economic exposure refers to the possibility that the present value of future operating cash flows of a business, expressed in home currency, may be affected by a change in foreign exchange rates. According to purchasing power parity theory, exchange rate changes are associated with different relative rates of inflation. Translation or accounting exposure arises as a result of the process of consolidation of foreign currency items into group financial statements denominate ...

A Brief Biography of Rubin Hurricane Carter

one two Three. Hurricane knocked out. Rubin Hurricane Carter is an African-American boxer whose name is named in the famous media program nationwide. Rubin Carter got a nickname Hurricane because his left uppercut is intense. When he saw his box, the New Jersey promoter named Jimmy Clot gave him a nickname, which has plagued him since then. He won 21 games in his career, overcomes a huge racial prejudice, and achieved his lifelong dreams and goals. In the movie 'Hurricane', Rubin 'Hurricane' Carter was sentenced to half as a corrupt police abused power and arrested Carter unfairly. Dra Pesca officials are responsible for all that Rubin Carter is condemned. Because Carter is an African American, Official Dorpeska wants to know why he is so bad in prison. In the 1950s, corruption politics and racial discrimination in the 1960s and 1970s were common problems in all communities. Rubin Carter faced political corruption and made most of his life racist. When Rubin was a little boy, he and his friends faced an older white man playing in a suspicious mansion. The boys were frightened, one of them picked up the bottle and hit a man in his head. They all ran, but Rubin could not escape. This is his first encounter with the executive Drapesca. Carter was asked what happened, eventually trying to steal that man's watch. one two Three. Hurricane knocked out. Rubin Hurricane Carter is an African-American boxer whose name is named in the famous media program nationwide. Rubin Carter got a nickname Hurricane because his left uppercut is intense. When he saw his box, the New Jersey promoter named Jimmy Clot gave him a nickname, which has plagued him since then. - Fluid dynamics is a field with a history of more than 2000 years. Archimedes, Da Vinci, Galileo, Newton are classical pioneers of modern hydrodynamic researchers such as Bernoulli and Euler (Anderson 42). However, until the early 19th century, this problem was not fully quantified; instead, the textbook consisted of in finite tables and diagrams to show the phenomenon. A Brief Biography of Rubin Hurricane Carter In this familiar biography, I chose to write articles about Rubin's Hurricane Carter, an African-American boxer who competed for the world's middleweight title, but on June 17, 1966 When Patterson 's boxing ability was the highest, he was mistakenly judged to be triple killer and New Jersey was sentenced to 20 years in prison because he did not commit a crime. Rubin Carter was born on 6th May 1937 at Clifton, New Jersey. As he was a little boy, he became a boy who plagues young people both at home and abroad. In the latter half of his teens he began to declare his biography with minor theft and assault It was. Because there are no parents. Or the family will help him understand that he understands one two Three. Hurricane knocked out. Rubin Hurricane Carter is an African-American boxer whose name is named in the famous media program nationwide. Rubin Carter got a nickname Hurricane because his left uppercut is intense. When he saw his box, the New Jersey promoter named Jimmy Clot gav e him a nickname, which has plagued him since then. - Fluid dynamics is a field with a history of more than 2000 years. Archimedes, Da Vinci, Galileo, Newton are classical pioneers of modern hydrodynamic researchers such as Bernoulli and Euler (Anderson 42). However, until the early 19th century, this problem was not fully quantified; instead, the textbook consisted of infinite tables and diagrams to show the phenomenon. On July 17, 1966, at Paterson, New Jersey, Rubin Hurricane Carter competed for heavyweight boxing champion One night, he was pulled apart and there was suspicion of murder. There was no proof or witness to prove that he committed a crime of the hurricane, but the police needed to condemn someone, so they fixed the trial and Rubin got a short shot. He was forgiven because of the crime he had not committed. This is a true story. This song was written by Bob Dylan to publicly release the situation of Rubin. Rubin Carter is a black man and many people, including judges and police, have turned around. Hurricane 's verdict changed 19 years after imprisonment. He is about to live his life now deprived of him. Dylan's song Hurricane explains how Rubin Carter proved innocent but convicted 1975: Bob Dylan's Hurricane Night, imprisoned boxer at Madison Square Garden, Charity concert for Rubin Hurricane Carter. Many believe that Carter including Dylan was mistakenly convicted for triple murder. Dylan wrote a song Hurricane on Carter's arrest and trial. Carter was released ten years later. 1975: Gary Sain died of respiratory insufficiency due to excessive intake of 27-year-old heroin. Thain is famous for Uriah Heep's bassist. One year before his death, Thain received a heavy electric shock with a concert in Dallas. After the incident, the scene that tends to get weak and sick is deeply intoxicated.

Cather, Death Comes for the Archbishop Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Cather, Death Comes for the Archbishop - Essay Example Latour in an attempt to revive the integrity of churches strives hard whereas the priest is corrupting the lands of Mexico with his greed for materialism. Religious revival has been pointed out by Cather in the story which co-relates to the current environment of the society. Cather tells as to how religion can bring out a change in the whole society if people have the right belief in it. Such a belief is lost from religions nowadays and it can be seen that greed is prevailing like that of the priest. The importance of religion in the book is conveyed to Latour by Valiant in these words ‘To me, that is the situation in a parable. The Faith, in the wild frontier, is like a buried treasure; they guard it, but they do not know how to use it to their souls salvation. A word, a prayer, a service, is all that is needed to set free those souls in bondage’. This clearly shows that religion can lead to salvation and if an individual is not practicing salvation then this may lead to destruction. Such a condition is prevailing in this world when we see that religious traditions are being ignored all over. Cather gives an account of Latour as to how his revival is successful in bringing glory to the lands of Mexico. A response to religion as shown by Cather has to be followed in this world to bring glory back. Belief is a very important aspect as laid down in the book. The condition of Mexico at one time seemed irreparable but as time passed by Latour grabbed the necessities through which he could bring back salvation to the society. It was through his struggle that this salvation was brought back in the society. Such strength and determination is required by the religious entities in this world today through which they can bring back the glory to this world. Greed is shown to be a destructive factor by Cather and it can only be overcome if struggle religious traditions are followed. Religion has been greatly emphasized in the story and this gives a platform to

The Theory and Practice of Investment Management Essay

The Theory and Practice of Investment Management - Essay Example The computations are shown in the following table. Table no.1 Number of contracts necessary to be hedged Contract Amount $ 7,500,000.00 Hedge Ratio 0.5 Price 97 No of contracts 38660 Part 2 I. In order to close the position, the company should buy futures contracts for March 2013, at the price 97.6. II. The transaction on the futures market brought a loss equal to: no of contracts *(selling price-buying price). The computations are shown in the following table. Table no.2 Final position from the futures transaction Price (short position) 97 Price (long position) 97.6 No of contracts 38660 Loss $ - 23,195.88 Part 3 I. The relationship between the price of the future contract and the interest rates on the market is an inverse relationship. So, for this example, the price of the future contract has raised implying a decline in the interest rate. II. The company has fixed its borrowing cost only for 50% of the exposure. The effective borrowing cost is computed as: r= 100- 97= 3% So, the company will borrow money at 3%. III. The company did not hedge all the risks involved by the transaction above. Firstly, it only hedged 50% of its interest rate exposure. Secondly, risks related to changes in the principal borrowed, or the currency in which this one is expressed are not hedged. Question 2 There are various theories related to dividend policies. One of the most important theories in this matter is the irrelevance thesis of Modigliani and Miller (Fabozzi and Drake, 2009). Under certain assumptions, Modigliani-Miller argues that dividend policy is irrelevant (no taxes, no transaction costs, no issuance costs, no insider information, a fixed investment policy). In other words, the management’s decision to change dividend value does not determine a shift in firm value too because the shareholder wealth is determined by the income generated through the investment policy of the firm, and not the way the firm distributes the income (Miller and Modigliani, 1961). Ano ther theory is based on the â€Å"bird - in – the- hand† hypothesis. This assumes that the financial markets are characterized by uncertainty and imperfect information, and because of this, dividends should be considered differently than retained earnings. Moreover, all investors would want to receive dividends i.e. cash (â€Å"bird-in-the-hand†) rather than future capital gains from the evolution of the stock (â€Å"two in the bush†). So, a firm which offers a high dividend ratio would deliver good signals to the market, boosts the stock market, and finally increases the firm’s value (Walter, 1963). A theory which contradicts the â€Å"bird-in-the-hand† theory is based on the tax-effect hypothesis. This theory states that a lower dividend policy would lower the cost of capital of the firm and in this way increase the stock value and the shareholders wealth (Bajaj and Anand, 1990). The starting point for this conclusion is considering the hi gher taxation of dividends compared to capital gains. Furthermore, the dividends are taxed right after are paid, whereas capital gains are taxed until the moment of sell. This consideration of tax advantages of capital gains compared with receiving dividend determine investors to be attracted of companies with higher retained earnings than a higher dividend policy (Pettit, 1977). Considering the company Swan Dane Ltd., which is keeping constant a high dividend policy, can be supported by the â€Å"

JPMorgan Chase Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

JPMorgan Chase - Research Paper Example 1. Discussion on How Administrative Agencies Like The Securities And Exchange Commission (SEC) Or The Commodities Futures Trading Commission (CFTC) Take Action In Order To Be effective in preventing high-risk gambles in securities / banking, a foundation of the economy In the modern day context, financial sector forms a major part in the economic system of any country, irrespective of its global positioning. The fact can also be observed evidently even in the case of the US, which faced massive turmoil due to the downfall of JPMorgan Chase, a large financial services firm supposedly considered to a pillar of the US economy. In order to maintain legitimacy in these firms, the US government has been making attempts to regulate the financial dealings and the transparency of these organizations through the imposition of various policy measures. Correspondingly, many governmental bodies have been set-up, which are solely responsible to monitor the activities of the US financial system. For instance, the administrate agency, Commodities Futures Trading Commission (CFTC) helps in regulating the trading of options and futures as well as the banking sector. The CFTC, in order to prevent the high risks in securities or banking sectors, has been involved in implementing effective programs to trace and take actions against unethical behavior in the business process. Therefore, it protects the economy from many types of frauds related to commodity market, foreign currency trading, commodity pool participants and brokers activities (U.S. Commodity Futures Trading Commission, n.d). The important elements, which are required to form a valid contract, usually involve an offer with a legal purpose by the offeror, free consent of the offeree, acceptance, consideration, competent parties, mutuality of obligation (Texas.gov, n.d.). Today, in the US, the customers are considered as a valuable asset for the banks

The Economic Environment of Business Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

The Economic Environment of Business - Essay Example Other market drivers for these milk products are the increased variety of products including flavoured milk, and also the increased advertising efforts by companies. Suppliers and processors of milk products have adopted measures that aid them to act on interest of consumers. However the market for milk products faced difficulties in the year 2001 to 2002 due to very low farm gate prices and the foot and mouth diseases that affected UK herds, UK milk quotas and the low farm gates has led to the prices being lower than the cost of production placing the farmers under great pressure and also extend on their limits. 2 Some of the major companies in the UK involved in the production of milk and milk products include; Robert Wiseman Dairies, Unilever Best foods UK Ltd, The Yeo Valley Organic Company Ltd, The Kerry gold Company, Kraft Foods UK Ltd, New Zealand Milk Product Ltd, Dairy Crest Group and the Muller Dairy company. 3 Milk and milk products producing firms assume an oligopoly market structure where there are restrictions or barriers to entry, these barriers to entry are associated with health issues and also the prevention of unhealthy competition, market prices are causing these firms to shut down and also the farmers are under pressure in the production of milk to these prices. Market structure that exists: The market structure that exists in this industry is an oligopoly structure, an oligopoly market structure the market is usually dominated by a few firms, this type of market structure falls between a perfect competition and a pure monopoly. This type of market there are times when there is high competition while at other times the firms in an oligopoly may collude by fixing prices and dominate the market.4 The firms in an oligopoly market are faced with a kinked demand curve and this is for the simple reason that if a firm raises the price of the product it is not followed by others. On the other hand if it reduces its prices he is followed by the others, this is the reason why the demand curve at high prices of the product is quite elastic and at lower prices the demand curve is quite inelastic. 5 This is diagrammatically illustrated below: Determination of price and quantity The average revenue curve represent the demand curve which in this case is kinked, if a firm in this industry raises its price it is not followed by others, if it reduces its price it will be followed by others, therefore the price and quantity in this industry is determined by the price of others, one firm will not raise its prices without considering the decisions to be made by other firms.6 However sometimes the firms may collude and dominate the market, therefore the price in this kind of market is determined by market forces and in this case they become price takers and sometimes the price is determined by the firms and this case they become the price makers. Barriers to entry Barriers of entry into the milk producing industry is necessary in that it helps in the prevention of

Recreational Beach Water Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Recreational Beach Water - Essay Example The waterborne pathogens are classified as bacteria, protozoa and virus. Each of these is attributable to specific illnesses. Commencing with bacteria, there are two major classes of bacteria that are greatly attributed to causing diseases in recreational water. According to the Centers for Diseases Control and Prevention, they are Fecal coliform and the Escherichia coli. Fecal Coliform is usually found in the gut and feces of human being and other warm-blooded animals. They find their way into recreational water through sewage and runoff waters. They are attributed to the cause of diarrhea. According to Parry and Palmer (2002), Escherichia coli cause bloody diarrhea and kidney illness. Such diseases are usually contracted through swallowing of the contaminated recreational water Moreover, a plethora of viruses and protozoa are renown for causing diarrhea and other gastrointestinal infections. Other recreational water infections include skin infections, ear infections, respiratory infections, eye and neurological infections (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention). The first challenge faced in monitoring and managing beach water is the fact that pool codes and inspection items vary across jurisdictions (Wymer, 2007). Consequently, there are varied reports about the results of the tests carried out. Thus, there is need to facilitated a collection of pool inspection data in standardized and electronic format. This may also help in enhancing routine analysis hence perpetuating the efforts of reducing health and safety risks for recreational water users. Another prominent problem is lack of worker safety response tool kits. Some beaches and pools lack the appropriate toolkits for workers who monitor beaches and pools. Another challenge is that there is increased tendency of violating of various pool codes. For instance, many pools and beaches have improperly maintained pool logs, unapproved water test kits, invalid pool licenses and invalid operator

Journal entry #8 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Journal entry #8 - Essay Example tween the target language and the learners first language and the other sequenced according to increasing linguistic complexity of target language items† (1984, p. 691). A discussion on the syllabus design based on disparities between L1 and L2 structures were subsequently presented where the author identified that the most difficult phase was learning crucial elements in the target language that were absolutely absent in the student’s native language. Therefore, various guidelines and contributions were presented for syllabus design and proposed development on the complexity of the second language was appropriately delved into. Accordingly, the author noted that â€Å"recent findings from interlanguage research suggest several ways in which attention to certain aspects of traditional approaches to syllabus design-specifically, L1 transfer and L2 complexity-can be used in selecting, sequencing, and grading items for the syllabus† (Pica, 1984, p. 700). The article is most useful for teachers in the development and design of effective syllabus considering disparities and complexities in interlanguage instructions and learning. Through the guidelines provided in the discourse for syllabus design from the noted cross-linguistic research, educators are illumined on instructional approaches and methods that would facilitate teaching a second language more

Recreational Beach Water Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Recreational Beach Water - Essay Example The waterborne pathogens are classified as bacteria, protozoa and virus. Each of these is attributable to specific illnesses. Commencing with bacteria, there are two major classes of bacteria that are greatly attributed to causing diseases in recreational water. According to the Centers for Diseases Control and Prevention, they are Fecal coliform and the Escherichia coli. Fecal Coliform is usually found in the gut and feces of human being and other warm-blooded animals. They find their way into recreational water through sewage and runoff waters. They are attributed to the cause of diarrhea. According to Parry and Palmer (2002), Escherichia coli cause bloody diarrhea and kidney illness. Such diseases are usually contracted through swallowing of the contaminated recreational water Moreover, a plethora of viruses and protozoa are renown for causing diarrhea and other gastrointestinal infections. Other recreational water infections include skin infections, ear infections, respiratory infections, eye and neurological infections (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention). The first challenge faced in monitoring and managing beach water is the fact that pool codes and inspection items vary across jurisdictions (Wymer, 2007). Consequently, there are varied reports about the results of the tests carried out. Thus, there is need to facilitated a collection of pool inspection data in standardized and electronic format. This may also help in enhancing routine analysis hence perpetuating the efforts of reducing health and safety risks for recreational water users. Another prominent problem is lack of worker safety response tool kits. Some beaches and pools lack the appropriate toolkits for workers who monitor beaches and pools. Another challenge is that there is increased tendency of violating of various pool codes. For instance, many pools and beaches have improperly maintained pool logs, unapproved water test kits, invalid pool licenses and invalid operator

The Great Gatsby Essay Example for Free

The Great Gatsby Essay They say that money is â€Å"the root of all evil. This novel exemplifies how the characters live for money and are controlled by it. Love and happiness cannot be bought, no matter how much money was spent. Tom and Daisy were married and even had a child, but they both still committed adultery. Daisy was with Gatsby and Tom was with Myrtle. They tried to find happiness with their lovers, but the risk of changing their lifestyles was not worth it. They were not happy with their spouses but could not find happiness with their lovers. Happiness cannot be found or bought. Daisy lost her love and respect for Gatsby when she found out he was a bootlegger. The important thing was not just having money, but where they money came from. In F. Scott Fitzgerald’s novel, The Great Gatsby, money is a prominent theme. The author shows that money is earned and spent in very specific ways. Each character’s relationship with money allows the reader to see their personalities more clearly. In the beginning of Chapter Two, Nick and Tom Buchanon have just met Tom’s girlfriend Myrtle. The three of them are on their way to Tom and Myrtles apartment when an elderly man selling puppies on the side of the street catches Myrtle’s eye. The author explains, â€Å"I want to get one those dogs, she said earnestly. I want to get one for the apartment. They’re nice to have- a dog-I think its cute†¦Is it a boy or a girl? She asked delicately. † â€Å"It’s a bitch,† said Tom decisively. † Here’s your money. Go and buy ten more dogs with it† (pages 27-28). Tom’s actions and choice of words when he is buying the puppy for his girlfriend Myrtle show the reader that he does not have respect for women. The way Tom throws his money around illustrates that he believes he, because he has money, is better than the person selling the puppies. Fitzgerald uses the money theme again when he writes about the parties that his characters attend. He notes â€Å"I like your dress, â€Å" remarked Mrs. McKee, â€Å"I think it’s adorable. †Ã¢â‚¬  Mrs. Wilson rejected the compliment by raising her eye brow in disdain. † â€Å"It’s just a crazy old thing,† she said. † I just slip it on sometimes when I don’t care what I look like† (page 31). Myrtle rejects the compliment on her dress because she wants to portray herself as a woman who wears extravagant clothing. When in reality, the dress that she is wearing was a dress that Tom had bought for her. It is actually the most expensive dress that she owns. Prestige and money are so important that she lies to impress those around her. In the 1920s money was very abundant. This was known as the golden age. People were very materialistic during this time period. The wealthy families in the novel such as Gatsby or the Buchanons were always trying to impress rather than trying to be themselves. This was a period of drinking, partying, and spending which was best portrayed by the Buchanons. They seem to be very self-centered people who couldnt give up a bit of the ritzy life to take care of their own child. Nick Carrows, the narrator of the novel differentiates and alternates between the two different types of money in the novel. East Egg and West Egg. The West Egg is the less fashionable side of Long Island where Gatsby and Nick live. The East Egg is the fashionable side of Long Island where the Buchanons and other old money people live. Those living in West Egg have wealth, but they have earned it themselves, but the people in East Egg have had money in their families for generations. People from East Egg only associate themselves with other people from East Egg and are rather ashamed of people of a lower status. The author explains a situation with Tom on the train, â€Å"Mrs. Wilson sat discreetly in another car. Tom deferred that much to the sensibilities of those East Eggers who might be on the train† (page 26). Tom is dating a girl named Myrtle who is from the Valley of Ashes; The Valley of Ashes is a very poor area. She has no money to her name whatsoever, and that is why Tom will not sit in the same car with her on the train. He will not allow people to see that he associates with someone of her station in life. Nick sees firsthand how different people from West Egg act compared to those from the East Egg. The author writes, â€Å"Come along, â€Å"he said- â€Å"but to her only. † Gatsby looked at me questioningly. He wanted to go, and he didn’t see that Mr. Sloane had determined he shouldn’t†¦My Go, I believe that man’s coming,† said Tom. â€Å"Doesn’t he know she doesn’t want him? (page 103). Gatsby was invited to a party at the East Egg as a form of an apology for having to leave Gatsby’s house. Gatsby is from West Egg; he completely missed the apology and took it as an invitation. The authors point is that even though people from West Egg and East Egg both have money, they live completely different lifestyles and behave complet ely differently. The author uses money to reveal several different traits in the novel. All of the characters personality traits in the novel are based off of wealth. Without the money, these characters would be nothing. Gatsby is known for his money and attitude. The author writes, â€Å"I heard the familiar â€Å"jug-jug-sput† of a motorcycle, and a frantic policeman rode alongside. † All right, old sport, called Gatsby. Taking a white card from his wallet, he waved it before the man’s eyes. † â€Å"Right you are,† agreed the policeman, tipping his cap. â€Å"Know you next time, Mr. Gatsby. Excuse me! † (page 68). Because of Gatsby’s past he has been able to meet popular people in his lifetime and acquire special privileges over the years. The only reason Gatsby can act this way and get away with it is because of his wealth. Another important character who portrays that her personality is shaped by money and wealth is Daisy. She lives a rich lifestyle but is forced to live with a man she can’t stand. The author explains, â€Å"Everybody thinks so-the most advanced people†¦The instant her voice broke off ceasing to compile my attention, my belief, I felt the basic insincerity of what she had said† (page17). Daisy is talking about how she knows so much because she has traveled the world and talked to interesting people through out her life. The author uses Daisy as a prime example to show that while money may provide opportunities in life, it is what you do with those opportunities that matter. If Daisy didn’t have money, she wouldn’t be considered smart or sophisticated; she would just be another boring person. New money and old money represents the way in which people are criticized, judged or understood. Old money has a tendency to seclude themselves from lower classes but do not discriminate. While new money tends to show off their wealth to the lower classes by throwing spectacular parties and get togethers. A new money party is portrayed as if it were the time of your and a night that no one will ever forget. The author says, â€Å"The groups change more swiftly, well with new arrivals†¦confident girls who weave here and there among the stouter and more stable†¦excited with triumph, glide on through the sea-change of faces and voices and color under the constantly changing light† (page 40-41). New money parties are exciting and extravagant but the only reason these parties exist is because people with new money become selfish and proud. They pride themselves on where their wealth has brought them. Newly acquired wealth causes people to change, to become someone they really aren’t, and to do things or be with people they normally would spend time with. An old money party is more like a get together. People must be invited and old old money is expected. The author explains, â€Å"People disappeared, reappeared, made plans to go somewhere and then lost each other, searched for each other found each other a few feet away† (page 37). The author describes the old money parties in a relaxing manor because parties are not new to people who have had money all their lives. It is not difficult to see the importance that money played not only in the novel, but apparently in the 1920’s. The author crafted each character around their social station in life, which was determined by where their money came from. It was apparent that despite the fact that Jay Gatsby worked and earned his money, that it didn’t change the fact that he was from the â€Å"wrong side of the tracks†. And while being from the â€Å"right† side of those same tracks, having money didn’t really give Daisy what she wanted or needed to be happy. In the end, Gatsby died a lonely death, remembered by few.

Understanding Skeletal Muscle Contraction Physiology Essay

Understanding Skeletal Muscle Contraction Physiology Essay Introduction Muscle contractions are a result of the buildup of tension within the muscle, and for muscles to contract, they must have a continuous supply of energy in the form of a molecule called adenosine triphosphate or ATP (Silverthorn, D.U., 2010). Through muscle contractions, we are able to run, walk, lift, push, sit, and even chew our food (Stabler, et.al, 2009). In addition to an energy requirement, skeletal muscles must be stimulated to contract (Stabler, et.al, 2009). Skeletal muscles are stimulated from an action potential that originates from within motor neurons (Stabler, et.al, 2009). Motor neurons are those that send electrical signals to skeletal muscle cells (Stabler, et.al, 2009). An action potential is the electrical signal that occurs when positively charged ions flood into the motor neuron as a result of a chemical, electrical, or other type of stimulus (Stabler, et.al, 2009). This signal, an area of intracellular positivity, self propagates down the length of the neuron tow ards the muscle cell (Silverthorn, D.U., 2010). Once this signal reaches the muscle cell, it is converted into a muscle contraction through a process called excitation-contraction coupling (Stabler, et.al, 2009). The interior of muscle cells also becomes very positive resulting in a muscle contraction. Muscle contractions have 3 different phases which include the latent period, contraction phase, and the relaxation phase (Silverthorn, D.U., 2010). The latent period occurs between the start of an action potential and the beginning of a muscle contraction (Stabler, et.al, 2009). This is the phase that will be studied later. The contraction period begins at the end of the latent period and ends when muscle tension ends (Stabler, et.al, 2009). The relaxation period occurs begins at the end of the contraction period until the muscle becomes free of tension (Stabler, et.al, 2009). To initiate a muscle contraction, the stimulus must reach its threshold. This is the minimal stimulus required to generate the action potential within a muscle cell causing the internal cellular environment to become positive (Stabler, et.al, 2009). In addition, the change in stimulus intensity can play a role in how strongly the muscle generates force when it contracts which is referred to as the active force (Stabler, et.al, 2009). As a stimulus is repeatedly applied to a muscle, fatigue will eventually occur. Fatigue can refer to a deficit in muscle functioning or a gradual decline in the force sustained by a muscle (Enoka and Duchateau, 2008). Other research has shown that fatigue could be the result of metabolic changes that occur within the contractile mechanisms within the muscle fibers such as changes in ion concentrations (Allen and Westerbland, 2001). If the latent period length is dependent upon the strength of the stimulus, increasing the electrical stimulus intensity should also increase the latent period, and since a threshold stimulus needs to be reached for a contraction to occur, then there will be a minimal amount of electrical stimulation required to generate a muscle contraction. In addition, if the active force strength is dependent upon the strength of the stimulus intensity, an increase in stimulus intensity should increase the active force. If muscle fatigue is occurring due to repeated stimuli over a period of time, then applying a stimulus at a constant rate should result in a decrease of sustainable force within the muscle. These experiments will be carried out using an electrical stimulus by passing a known amount of voltage through an isolated skeletal muscle attached to a metal holder that will transmit the data to a recorder and an oscilloscope screen for analyses (Stabler, et.al, 2009) Materials and Methods In order to understand muscle contraction physiology, I evaluated 4 different experiments. The first 3 experiments were designed to use a single stimulus to evaluate the latent period of a muscle contraction, to evaluate the threshold stimulus of a muscle contraction, and to evaluate the effects of increased stimulus intensity on a muscle contraction. The fourth experiment was designed to demonstrate the effects of muscle fatigue. The following materials were used for these experiments: an isolated skeletal muscle (75mm in length), a metal holder to measure force generated by the skeletal muscle, an oscilloscope, an electrical stimulator (single and multiple stimulus), and a data collection box. The first experiment was designed to determine the latent period of a muscle contraction. First, the muscle was attached to the metal holder. The electrode from the electrical stimulator was rested on the surface of the muscle. The electrical stimulator was set to 6.0 volts. A muscle contract ion was induced by applying a single electrical stimulus using the electrical stimulator. The data generated a tracing on the oscilloscope screen which was used to determine the latent period by selecting the point where the flat line began to rise. The data were recorded using the data collection box. I repeated this experiment using the following voltages: 1.0 volts, 3.0 volts, and 10.0 volts. These voltages were used to see if changes occurred within the latent periods. For the second experiment, the data generated was used to determine the threshold voltage. The threshold voltage occurred when the active force measured in grams was greater than 0. The equipment setup was the same as the last experiment, and the electrical stimulator was set to 0.0 volts. At 0.0 volts, the muscle was stimulated and the results observed and recorded using the oscilloscope and data recorder respectively. This experiment was repeated multiple times by increasing the voltage by 0.1 volts until the mi nimal threshold voltage was determined. For the third experiment, the effects on muscle contractions due to an increase in the electrical stimulus intensity were explored. Again the same equipment setup was used. The initial voltage was set to 0.5 volts followed by stimulation of the skeletal muscle. The data were observed and then recorded. This experiment was repeated multiple times by increasing each subsequent voltage by 0.5 volts. This continued until the data showed there was no change in the increase in active force. For the final experiment, fatigue was induced in the skeletal muscle. The equipment setup for this experiment was similar to the first three experiments. However, a different electrical stimulator was used which incorporated a multiple stimulus option as well as a single stimulus option. The multiple stimulus option added the ability to start and stop the stimulus activity. This experiment was designed so that several stimuli per second were being applied to the skeletal muscle if so desired. The electrical stimulator voltage was set to 7.0 volts, and the number of stimuli per second was set to 100. The muscle was then stimulated for approximately 400 seconds by selecting the multiple stimulus option, and the graphical data were recorded from the oscilloscope. Results For experiment one, the latent period was recorded in milliseconds and was compared to its corresponding stimulus voltage. The time measurement (latent period) reflected the start of the flat line until it began to rise. Below is a summary of the recorded data. Latent Period Determination Stimulus Voltage (V) Latent Period (msec) 1 3.89 3 2.78 10 2.22 For experiment two, the threshold stimulus determination data was collected by measuring the electrical stimulus voltage and its corresponding active force generated. Once the active force became greater than 0, the experiment was stopped. Below is a table with the collected data. Threshold Determination Stimulus Voltage (V) Active Force Generated (gms) 0 0 0.1 0 0.2 0 0.3 0 0.4 0 0.5 0 0.6 0 0.7 0 0.8 0.02 For experiment three, the data were collected in order to determine the effects of increased stimulus voltage on muscle contractions. The data reflected 0.5 volt interval increases in the electrical stimulus until 10 volts were reached. Below is the summary of the data. Muscle Contractions Increased Stimulus Effects Muscle Contractions Increased Stimulus Effects Stimulus Voltage (V) Active Force Generated (gms) Stimulus Voltage (V) Active Force Generated (gms) 0.5 0 5.5 1.59 1 0.15 6 1.65 1.5 0.43 6.5 1.7 2 0.66 7 1.74 2.5 0.87 7.5 1.78 3 1.04 8 1.81 3.5 1.19 8.5 1.82 4 1.32 9 1.82 4.5 1.42 9.5 1.82 5 1.51 10 1.82 For experiment four, data was graphed in order to demonstrate the effects of fatigue. The rate of the multiple stimulus was 100 stimuli/second at a constant setting of 7.0 volts. The data were recorded over a 400 second interval. Below is a graphical representation of the collected data. Muscle Fatigue Effects of Prolonged Stimuli Over Time (Stabler, et.al, 2009) C:Sheas StuffHuman PhysiologyFatigue.jpg Citations Allen, D.G. and H. Westerbland. (2001). Topical Review: Role of phosphate and calcium stores in muscle fatigue. Journal of Physiology 536.3: 657-665. Enoka, R. and J. Duchateau. (2008). Muscle Fatigue: what, why and how it influences muscle function. Journal of Physiology 586.1: 11-23. Silverthorne, D.U. 2010. Human Physiology: An Integrated Approach. 5th Edition. Pearson Benjamin Cummings, pp. 408-422. Stabler, T., Smith, L., Peterson, G., and Lokuta, G. 2009. PhysioEx 8.0 for Human Physiology à ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬ Laboratory Simulations in Physiology. pp. 17-22.