Understand the Main Legislation for Safeguarding Children

Unit 333 – Understand how to safeguard the wellbeing of children and young people. Outcome 1 – Understand the main legislation, guidelines, policies and procedures for safeguarding children and young people. The safe guarding of children has only been developed in the last 50 years. However it is a vital part of working with children. The legislations, guidelines and policies for safeguarding are updated all the time for the best interest of the children.The current legislations are as follows; * The Children Act 1989 – this act shows the responsibilities of parents and professionals when ensuring children’s safety. There are two important sections which focus on child protection. Section 47 – the local authority has a duty to investigate when they have reasonable cause to suspect that a child in their area is suffering significant harm. Section 17 – services must be put in place to safeguard and promote the welfare of children in the area wh o are in need.The main aims of this act where to achieve a balance between protecting children and the rights of parent to challenge state intervention, encourage partnership between statutory authorities and parents, restructure the framework of the courts in particular with regards to family proceedings and finally redefining the concept of parental responsibility. * Every Child Matters are the guidelines which lead to the Children Act 2004.The main points of the act are, there should be a much closer relationship between agencies such as health professionals, schools and welfare services, there should be a shared data base of information which if relevant to the safety and welfare of children, Earlier support for parent experiencing problems, Ofsted to set a frame work that will monitor children’s services. This became a legal requirement and Local safeguarding children boards (LSCB) were formed to carry out these different things. Education Act 2002 – Sets out the responsibilities of local education authorities, governing bodies, head teachers and all those working in schools to ensure children are safe and free from harm. * The United Nation Convention on the rights of the Child 1989 (UNCRC) – Protects the rights of children, setting out the guidelines for what a child is entitled to regardless of their background treat every child as equal and respecting their human rights.Things such as, a right to education and health care, the right to grow up in a loving happy and understanding environment, the right to develop personalities abilities and potential to the best of their abilities and the right to special protection measures or assistance. The UK signed this legislation in 1990 and ratified it in 1991. * The Common assessment framework (CAF) aims to determine whether a child has additional needs at a young age and support this to make sure their needs are met. The department of education provides guidance for the local authorities including schools in two different policies which are, working together to safeguard children 2010 (sets out the duties of organisations and how they must work together to safeguard children) and what to do if you’re worried a child is being abuse 2006 (looks at the actions all adults should take if they are concerned about child). There are many guidelines, policies and procedures that affect our day to day work when safeguarding children.As we follow all these policies and procedures it affects they way in which we work with children for example the child protection policy, this makes it our responsibility to record and report if there is a child that raises concerns of suspected abuse. The school will also have to check that and concerns are investigated and followed up and also that if any photos are taken of the children that parents have given permission for this. Another procedure would be the risk assessments that are carried out daily.This is part of the daily routin e but when looked at from a different perspective it is another procedure that is set out to safeguard children. It is put in place to make sure that the children are safe and free from harm whilst in the setting and any concerns about safety are reported and sorted before the children are allowed to either play with that equipment or go in the area to ensure they are safe. Making sure that a situation that could potentially cause harm is safe and fine to use.Ensuring the voice of a child is heard, all agencies involved in the safeguarding of children will ensure that the voice of the child is heard particularly in times of distress or trauma as then the support they need can be given. The LSCB are set up by the local authority to make sure that all children are being looked after and the safeguarding and wellbeing of children is being followed. Also if a school has a concern about a child the LSCB will make sure outside agencies work together for the best interest of the child.The Childcare practice is an important policy that all childcare or schools will have to follow that is from nannies all the way through to schools. All professionals working with children will have to ensure that they have a criminal record bureau (CRB) before starting work. Each organisation will also have to show that they are following the correct safeguarding policies and procedure when dealing with situations and also when reporting them.All of these guidelines are use not only locally but nationally to ensure that all the children are safe and their well-being is top priority on a day-to-day basis. When report a safeguarding issue it is vital that the guidelines are followed and followed correctly. Child protection is the term used when referring to the policies and procedures put in place to protect children and young people against suspicion or harm or abuse.Safeguarding has widely started to replace the term child protection when in the context of adults working with children and managing the issues relating to child protection, this is because it has a wider definition of the ways that adults will react to these issues. This has been design to prevent the risks of harm rather than react to them. The LSCB regulations of 2006 states that serious case reviews (SCRs) will be required in situations where a child dies due to known or suspected abuse or neglect. It may be the case if a child has suffered serious or even life threatening injuries.The purpose of a SCR is for agencies to discuss and determine what lessons have been learned from the situation and how the professionals need to work in the future. Then a report for the public will be composed so recommendations are known. The data protection act 1998 sets out the way that a school keeps and store information. Under this act the information gathered for safeguarding and children protection should only be used for this reason and if the pupil concerned or their parents wish to see this information the y have a right to access it.There are a few exceptions to this rule such as, * Information which may cause serious harm or risk of abuse to health of the pupil. * Information given to a court or in adoption or parental order records * Copies of examination scripts or marks prior to their release * Unstructured personal information, or information which is held manually and not in school records. They are also entitled to their own educational records as well.

Immigration Problem in Istanbul

The immigration problem has always been one of the most important debated issues in Turkey, especially after1950s. It makes big cities more crowded and it also brings many problems together. These problems include economic, social, and environmental issues. Particularly Istanbul is in a great danger with the huge rate of immigration it takes. The city has not enough area for sheltering its continuous growing population as it has not also enough resources to feed them.It is very unhealthy to enlarge as rapidly as Istanbul with immigration because it brings economic, environmental, and social problems. Istanbul is the most urbanized and crowded city of Turkey. For almost 20 years, it takes internal migration with its economic and social opportunities; therefore, the city, which becomes one of the urbanized cities around the world, grows in an uncontrolled manner day by day. The population of Istanbul, which was not even 1 million in 1950, is now over 14 million.After a rapid industrial ization, a high level of immigration is normal and unavoidable for cities and it has some advantages as providing labor force but the migration to Istanbul get over the limits. According to Istanbul Governorship’s data, over 62% of people who live in Istanbul were born outside of the city. Since it is common that Turkish families are crowded, most of immigrant families have more than two children generally.This year, the prime minister of Turkey, Tayyip Erdogan advised the community to make at least three children in order to protect the nation’s young population, at the time of his speech about International Women’s day. The elite class of Turkey may not affected by these events but the rural side of Turkey, and the lower class of the cities, mostly immigrants are influenced by the people whom they see as their idol. According to the high fertility factor, the native Istanbul population has become a minority in their homeland (Erman 541).It causes many identity problems beside its social and economic aspect. The mass migration to Istanbul caused economic problems such as inadequate shelter and unemployment. In â€Å"The Human Declaration on Human Settlements†, it is underlined that deterioration of conditions of shelter and human settlements particularly in developing countries has reached crisis proportion (591). As we know that Turkey is a developing country with its industrializing economy, the problems as I mentioned above are common in Turkey, especially in urbanized cities.Istanbul, the most industrialized city of Turkey, owns problems related to the excessive population concentration such as homelessness, increasing poverty, unemployment, inadequate resources, lack of basic infrastructure and services (592). Migrants who come to Istanbul for its job opportunities generally belong to the low educated agrarian society. They come to this big city with the dream of being a part of rich and modern urban. However, migrants compose the lower class of Istanbul with their lower education and economic situation.With their inadequate qualifications, they can work in low wage jobs. The squatter settlements issue begins with this problem. People who can’t earn enough money to buy or rent apartments they live in squatter settlements. Moreover, the other side of Istanbul, the welfare class which manage the industry becomes richer continuously. Because of this dual economy in Istanbul as all other urbanized cities in third world countries, the difference, and consequently the tension between rich and poor increase continuously.The labor class, which works hard, however cannot sustain their family become more aggressive day by day. The bloody 1 May (Labor Day) incidents can be explained with the rebel of this class. Crime rate. The mass migration to Istanbul and the rapid social changes occurred in the city caused the problematic issue â€Å"integration† of rural migrants into the urban society (Erman 541 ). They move into Istanbul, they become physically â€Å"urbanite† but since they cannot accommodate themselves in city life, continuing their rural traditions, they cannot become urbanite socially.They resist changing or they are forced to be an alien. As they live in communes, generally in squatter settlement areas, with the group psychology, they live their own culture as a synthesis of the rural and the urban. As they cannot become an urbanite, they don’t detach their relations with their rural villages and community. The concept of â€Å"hemsericilik† in Turkish language, it means clientalism, became one of the most important characteristics to evaluate a person. Largely, migrants compose the lower class of Istanbul with their lower education level and economical conditions.Their economic situation and their education have a strong correlation. Since their language and qualifications are lower, they cannot find high-wage jobs to increase their economic leve l. Poverty strengthens the alienation of them. They see the luxurious houses, cars, and lifestyles on the streets or on TV and as they can’t reach this lifestyle by working, they start to search the short way to own this shining life. The growth rate of crime in Istanbul is the result of this desire.

A Fading India Journalistic Essays

I am waiting for the Regal Taj when another bus, advertising itself as the â€Å"premier deluxe air-conditioned Taj Express,† arrives, its seats apparently filled completely with people. I climb up the creaking steps as the driver stretches his hand for a 10 rupee note for the pleasure of this upgraded ride. There is a reason why the bus is â€Å"air-conditioned†; two of the windows are broken. A makeshift cellophane sheet stuck with duct tape over the open space keeps coming undone and rattles angrily against the ledge. This is not a bus for the country club crowd. Men show deep creases of labor and worry on their foreheads and women balance four or five children, on their laps and pressed against their bosoms. But they are Indian, and they have a birthright and an obligation to respect their history. This is the country where spontaneous monuments sprout up in honor of Shivaji, the Hindu warrior who lost his friends, family, and then his life in resisting the conquering Moguls. This is the country where people invoke the name of Gandhi at political rallies, â€Å"Long Live Mahatma,† as if his placid face lingers as a ghost on the stage. The Mahabharat, mostly mythical but historically based, was adapted for television a few years ago and remains the highest rated series of all time. So, as overworked and overburdened as the masses may be, the Taj Mahal beckons to reveal the glory of India’s past to them. The back of the bus has an empty seat, next to a foreign tourist, which I claim as my own.

Professional Nursing Organization Research Paper

Professional Nursing Organization - Research Paper Example Just like any other profession, a professional body that encompasses human care, nursing interests, governs the nursing profession. The nursing organizations ensure their future survival by determining how to carry out present actions with a view of being professional and maintaining their global relevance (Corcoran, 2000). Among the many professional nursing organizations, this paper will review the American Nurses Association. . The American Nurses Association operates under the Mission Statement: Nurses advancing our profession to improve health for all. The American Nurses Association (ANA) is a full-service professional organization that represents the interests of America’s nurses. About 3.1 million registered nurses benefit from The American Nurses Association (ANA through its constituent and state nurses associations and its organizational affiliates (ANA, 2012). The ANA collaborates with the Congress to pass legislation that protects the interests of nurses and patien ts. Additionally, The ANA fosters high standards of nursing practice, projects a positive and realistic view of nursing, and promotes the rights of nurses in the workplace, and lobby the Congress and other regulatory agencies on issues affecting the health care of nurses and the public. In doing this, it relevantly advances the nursing profession. ... efines nursing as the protection, promotion, and optimization of health and abilities, prevention of illness and injury, alleviation of suffering through the diagnosis and treatment of human response, and advocacy in the care of individuals, families, communities, and populations (ANA, 2012). The American Nurses Association (ANA) has number of priorities that govern its operations. The ANA advocates for the provision of a caring relationship that facilitates health and healing and seeks attention to the wide range of human experiences and responses to health and illness within the physical and social environments. It seeks adherence to the set code of ethics in the nursing profession and healthcare reforms. The ANA equally promotes the integration of objective data with knowledge gained from an appreciation of the patient or group's subjective experience in the field of nursing. Similarly, the ANA prioritize safety and quality health care accorded in professional standards. Additiona lly, the ANA calls for the application of scientific knowledge to the processes of diagnosis and treatment with judgment and critical thinking. The ANA considerably prioritize the advancement of professional nursing knowledge through scholarly inquiry, and influence on social and public policy to promote social justice. In addition, the ANA aims at conserving the environment for a safer working place as well as seeking various benefits for its members (ANA, 2012). The priorities of the American Nurses Association (ANA) have significant contributions to the discipline of nursing. The priorities and the mission statement of the ANA ensure that nurses confine themselves to informative, scientific, and professional decisions while handling patients. They also ensure that patients and nurses

Reflective Chapter Entry II Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Reflective Chapter Entry II - Essay Example An example is when someone hears something that someone else has said, or a sound from a certain device. Listening is giving attention to a sound or to someone when they are speaking. Critical listening is giving maximum attention to a sound or to a person when they are speaking. Critical listening involves taking notes, critical thinking as well as making critical judgments. An example is listening while keeping eye contact and not interfering. Emotions can be effectively expressed in nonverbal communication in various ways. I would personally consider using nonverbal communication to express my emotions. This involves, using polite body language and gestures. The first step would be to identify my emotion then share it and listening to the response. A relationship is developed through finding common interests and participating together. This also involves creating a friendly and welcoming environment. To maintain a relationship, frequent communication is very important. In a relationship decline, critical listening and expression of emotions is very crucial. For a relationship to be repaired emotions must be expressed and the concepts of eye contact and body language can be used to make it

Impact of Fatherhood and Motherhood on Organizational Careers Essay

Impact of Fatherhood and Motherhood on Organizational Careers - Essay Example It should be also noted that the development of a standard rule in regard to the potentials of individuals, both males and females, with children to fight for their employment rights is not possible. In fact, the review of the literature related to this subject has revealed that the impact of fatherhood and motherhood on work and organizational career is significant, an issue that needs to be taken into consideration by governors and legislators worldwide. 2. Fatherhood and motherhood as factors influencing work and organizational careers in the early 21st century. In the workplace, fathers and mothers have the potential to use certain advantages, as set by the law for the particular category of employees Shwalb, Shwalb and Lamb (2012) refer to the parental leave scheme, a scheme that allows fathers, as also mothers, to be far from work for a particular period of time in order to take care of their children (Shwalb, Shwalb and Lamb 2012, p.321). ...This means that the use of paternal leave can help mothers ‘to increase their contribution in the family’s expenses, a fact that would highly benefit their self-respect and confidence (Shwalb, Shwalb and Lamb 2012, p.321). Reference can be also made to the findings of another survey, also included in the study of Shwalb, Shwalb and Lamb (2012). In the context of the above survey Scandinavian parents were asked to state their view in regard to their preferable mode of family - expenses sharing by parents (Shwalb, Shwalb and Lamb 2012, p.321). A high percentage, 63%, of the participants responded that they would prefer that the family expenses would be covered equally by both parents (Shwalb, Shwalb and Lamb 2012, p.321). In any case, since the high majority of fathers is paid more than mothers, fathers are more likely to contribute at a higher percentage in family expenses (Ranson 2011). Miller (2010) highlights another issue. Because employment policies are different in each country, according to the loc al ethics and culture, it is quite difficult to identify a strategy that could highly promote the power of mothers and fathers in the workplace and that would be applicable in all organizations that have similar characteristics (Miller 2010, p.13). In this context, the potential identification of an effective strategy for helping fathers in the workplace would not affect the status of fathers in other organizations, who have different conditions and challenges to face (Miller 2010, p.13). The lack of an integrate policy for supporting fatherhood in the workplace is related primarily to the different political systems and interests in each country.

Case Study Stage 2 Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Stage 2 - Case Study Example At first, e-commerce can simply minimise the cost of gym activities that are conducted in traditional manner such as automation of business transactions. Online transactions and registration processes can basically minimise human efforts for performing such business activities effectively and also minimising the time required for completing the activities by the organisational members and the employees. E-commerce in UMUC Healthy Fitness Centre can also minimise the transaction expenses by making the marketplace more effective. On the other hand, UMUC Healthy Fitness Centre can also reach more potential customers at low expenses through the use of internet. The medium of internet would assist the members in terms of providing them with valuable information regarding the product or service characteristics such as fee and accessibility of facilities (Kaplan & Garicano, n.d.). Clearly, use of e-commerce in business process can result in accessing valuable information regarding the futur e demand of products or services of UMUC Healthy Fitness Centre more effectively. Furthermore, it will help UMUC Healthy Fitness Centre to better balance the demand of products and services with the requirements of the customers. The following figure will show the AS IS process of e-commerce for UMUC Healthy Fitness Centre. Part 2 Technology Solution Proposal The idea of e-commerce fundamentally comprise three key aspects namely hardware, software and communication network. These aspects would certainly reflect the ability of e-commerce for enhancing the business process of UR UMUC Healthy Fitness Centre by a certain degree. The aforesaid aspects have been described hereunder. Hardware: The key hardware aspects associated with e-commerce are server, input as well as output tools and database management system. In the e-commerce business process, UMUC Healthy Fitness Centre should follow the client server model, wherein a central computer system will act as server. This server will c ontain certain important information and will act as backup for information preservation system. Concerning input systems, keyboard and mouse are regarded as effective tools in e-commerce system. The output systems within e-commerce business process can appear in the form of billing information, member usage statistics and images among others (Carter, 2008). Software: Software is the other vital aspect of e-commerce business process. The key software for e-commerce is database management system. Database is able to store vital information in the form of text and images. The modern database management system can save billions of data items and is also able to manage huge figure of transactions. The database for UMUC Healthy Fitness Centre can be located in central server or in multiple workstations (Carter, 2008). Apart from the aforementioned aspect, maintaining security is also important for an e-commerce system to operate successfully. The key software applications that are useful for an e-commerce business process relating to UMUC Healthy Fitness Centre include user authentication, firewall and antivirus (Carter, 2008). Communication: There are several networking tools that possess the capability of ensuring the deliverance of proper communication in the entire business process through e-commerce. These tools comprise Local Area Network, Wireless network and internet. Utilisation

Casino gambling in Kentucky Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Casino gambling in Kentucky - Term Paper Example In this context, the legislation matter has been the campaign proposal of Governor Steve Basher in his bid for election. Associated Press (2007) stated that the proposal of the Governor to legalize casinos in Kentucky is based on the assumption that it will bring growth to the economy in terms of revenues and taxes. The proposal has been submitted for a legislative process of approval and will also be presented to the Kentucky General Assembly for consent. The proposed bill if passed, allows 9 to 12 casinos in Kentucky, and is expected to bring estimated revenue of $600 million a year in tax revenue. In this critical issue, the Kentucky General Assembly composed of the people of Kentucky have been given the chance to have their voices heard in a direct poll whether they agree with this move or not. The recent events shown in the news carried by WBKO (2010) reported that the legalization of casinos in Kentucky did not pass the legislative session. There are possible reasons for the rejection of the proposal as there are studies that show disadvantages for having Casinos in Kentucky. The probe studies of Anderson and Nevada Council on Problem Gambling show that the proliferation of problem gamblers has negative impact on their lives. Andersen viewed it as a bad social policy because of the large social costs it entails; it makes it harder for problem gamblers to reform, and makes it contributory to social corruption. But Andersen and those concerned in his study are missing the points of the benefits of gambling, and making it appear that it is one of the deadliest sins in the world. For example, Andersen said that the government is â€Å"supposed to be the minister of God, Romans 13†, but its moral stance is compromised when it enters into legalized gambling. However, it could not be discounted that there are also benefits coming from the

MANAGING FINANCIAL INFORMATION ( part 2 ) Essay

MANAGING FINANCIAL INFORMATION ( part 2 ) - Essay Example The results are also analysed for the prospects of growth and the ability of further development. The major competitors with which the company has been compared are J Sainsbury Plc, Morrisons and Marks and Spencer. The company secured net revenue of  £60,931million for the 2011 financial year end. The revenue grew from  £56,910 million as the company showed a growth in revenue of over 7% for this particular year. The gross profit of the company also increased from  £4,607 million to  £5,060 million indicating a growth in the gross profit of 9.8% compared to last year where the growth in the gross profit was marginally over 10%. The following chart sheds light on the growth in revenue and gross profit of the company for the past 5 years (in millions). (Tesco Plc, 2011) The company was able to secure a net profit before tax of  £3,535 million for the year ended February 2011, which rose from  £3,176 million in 2010. The net profit after tax saw a considerable growth as the company sustained a net profit after tax of  £2,655 million for 2011 which was an increase of 14% since 2010 from  £2,327 million. The adjacent chart shows the trend of the net profit before and after tax for the past 5 years (in millions). The total current assets of the company amounted to  £11,438 million which rose from  £11,392 million for the previous year. On the other hand, the total current liabilities were  £17,731 million which rose considerably from the previous year as they were  £16,015 million in 2010. This shows that the company’s ratio of current assets to current liabilities indicates a lack of liquidity to finance the current liabilities. A trend of current assets and liabilities is shown which indicates that the current liabilities have always been over and above the current assets of the company, due to the nature of the company’s business which is a retail business. The

Future and Outlook on Hospitality Industry Research Paper

Future and Outlook on Hospitality Industry - Research Paper Example The author of the essay "Future and Outlook on Hospitality Industry" begins with that according to reports â€Å"Hotels 2020: Beyond segmentation†, customers would like to either have the biggest share of having the say or take full control over what services they expect to received and what they wish to pay for. Six hundred and ten tourists were surveyed as a section of the research and it shows that 92 % think that by the year 2020 hotel customers anticipate their stay to be adopted around a list of choices they create at the time of booking and before they set in. The survey looked at the way all the features of the hotel knowledge might be modified in the future. Things like letting the customers decide which communication method is preferable for them (media, email, phone text or mail), and having take charge of the kinds of communications sent to them, to give choices on their in-check process, in-room technology or pricing mold. The survey also shows that by 2020, over eighty percent of the clients will be able to decide on the size of the room they want to stay in, the bed size, business machines and other facilities for purposes of bookings and payments. The chief executive of Fast Future Research and the report writer pointed out that, the desire for hotel customers to have the say and control over their experience, is creating big changes. The study foresees appearance of â€Å"whole service model† that shifts away from the normal hotel packages to a service option menu, where clients choose their specific needs. The world has been hit by the present financial depression. With not much flexible income, the industries have been affected (Kraft & Mantrala 320). According to the experts, there is good news for the year 2011. The scenery is developing rapidly as new machinery increase the need for hotels to become more societal and viral in their advertising efforts. The demand from customers is causi ng hotels to make intensive efforts on being environmental friendly. Alternatively, there are other sections in the industry that you could go for as a customer. Cruise industry is one of them. It is one that I would advice you to pick, if you were not for the hotel or restaurant type of hospitality industry. Anyway, I will come to this segment later as I would like to outline a few pros and cons of the hotel industry to you (Kraft & Mantrala 96). Let us look at what the professionals of the industry and projecting on performance in 2011. The projections by Smith Travel Research (STR), and everything shows that there will be a drastic change in the improvement. The researchers trail supply, require data for the businesses, and offer expensive market share analysis for all main international hotel chain and brands. Over 5 million hotels rooms are represented by STR and they are known to be the world is leading sources of historical hotel presentation trends. Hotels in the US are expe cted to experience increase in three main performance measurements, which are: Occupancy: 1.8% increase to 58.5% Average Daily Rate (ADR): 4.2% increase to US$ 102.21. RevPAR: 6.1% increase to US$ 50.78 A small increase of (0.7%) in supply will be experienced in the industry while a 2.5% increase will occur generally in demand. This news will thrill the hotel owners since it will be a great relief for them and the hospitality professionals. The experts detected the increase in 2009, and have been seeing it improve in 2010. Which should go on in 2011 and 2012? Mark Lamnno, CEO of STR said the tough fundamentals that hotels went through in 2010 will end up in a faster turnaround than predicted, he also said that while this force ended up in quickly improving occupancies last year, we sought to find rebounding rates to help in RwvPar growth in 2011 and 2012. By the time we are in the middle of 2011, we may not have experienced fast and hastening room rates and by the time reach 2012, w e will now anticipate the growth of room rates to equal or exceed the boom years of 2006 and 2007. According to the findings, I have in this research, I feel

Original Component Essay Example for Free

Original Component Essay The goal was to determine a credible and accurate method for measuring human capital. Knowledge capital is a concept that has not received much attention in terms of research. One of the unique aspects of this study was the fact that the data collected were from the information technology field, particularly from those who deal with knowledge management. This was in contrast to previous studies where finance, accounting, and/or human resources professionals were the respondents. The findings indicated that the methods currently used to value human knowledge were borrowed from either human resources or from finance. This also indicated that knowledge management was not embraced as a part of its strategy. Since the responses were received from knowledgeable experts, the results represented a true picture of the problem. Another reason for its uniqueness was due to the fact that the study was conducted in two separate phases with their corresponding findings compared. It was also important to note that the companies selected represented all of the industries. The combination of all these attributes thus, made the method unique. According to previous studies, much research has been devoted to knowledge management. In addition, books, journals, and articles have all been written about the said topic. However, none has focused on knowledge capital valuation and its related impacts. Individuals and organizations became reluctant to pursue this type of valuation. This was due to the fact that many felt that it was impossible to accurately measure knowledge capital. For this research, all of the respondents agreed that the methods to measure knowledge capital do not fully represent its true value because they were only based on assumptions. On the other hand, companies, researchers, and scholars struggled with the question of how to value knowledge capital because it increasingly gained importance. In this case, the study has formed a base for other researchers to build on. This study has also provided a way of perceiving knowledge capital and proposed an easier way of calculating its value. The study clarified the possibility of measuring knowledge capital. However, organizations can only measure the value of knowledge by identifying the knowledge gaps within its current employees. In this context, knowledge management must be incorporated at the highest levels of the organization. 6. 4 Contributions Knowledge capital has become one of the most important assets in any organization, including corporations, government agencies, and non-profit organizations. However, without knowing its value, organizations cannot determine whether they are fully utilizing it or not. Most Internet businesses have no physical assets, while some rely solely on outsourcing. Therefore, there is a need to determine the value of human capital to ascertain the value of an organization. Moreover, many Internet businesses were publicly traded, and were obliged to represent the true and accurate value of their company to investors . During mergers and acquisition transactions, companies experience the problem of determining the value of knowledge or human capital. In turn, they use the term â€Å"goodwill. † However, goodwill is actually an invented concept. If companies can determine the value of their knowledge capital, there is no need to use the vague concept of goodwill. Knowing the value of knowledge capital helps a company hire the right people, assign the proper people to particular jobs, and provide employees with the appropriate tools and environment. Without knowing the value of what is needed, how can they measure knowledge capital or increase its value? This research aimed to contribute information to both the knowledge field and to profit-making organizations. The purpose of this research was to examine how organizations determine the value of their human capital, while gaining a sustainable competitive advantage. The research effort will be applied by and for profit organizations to determine their true value, maximizing the value of human capital to increase the shareholders’ wealth. Individuals will understand the value of their human capital and be able to start managing it for maximum return to themselves, as well as their organizations. In addition, E-businesses will find the results useful because the value of their organizations depends primarily on the value of their intellectual capital. The study also focused on the determination methods used by profit-making organizations in the evaluation of human capital. Therefore, other researchers may find the results of this study relevant, while conducting other studies in the future. 6. 5 Limitations Several difficulties or challenges were encountered while conducting this study that may have influenced results, either positively or negatively: Limitations faced by the researcher during the process of this study included the persuasion of organizations to adopt the new or standard metric of measuring Knowledge Capital, communication for benefits to be derived from findings, the lack of industrial experience and practical knowledge, and the deficiency of funds for quality productions. 6. 6 Scope for Future Research The purpose of this study was to determine how organizations value knowledge capital and how they make it grow. The study examined data collected across industries and the responses were nearly uniform. They all agreed that there is no standard method of measuring human capital. In addition, all agreed that the methods currently used to measure knowledge capital are inadequate for representing its true value. Hence, the value of knowledge capital is not calculated. Based on this study, the author recommends that further research be conducted to develop a model or standard method for measuring knowledge capital across all industries. The model must be easy, accurate, and practical. Moreover, while conducting future research, future researchers should bear in mind the following recommendations: It is important to be in partnership with someone who has industrial experience, or better yet, seek support or sponsorship from companies. This would also solve the problem of funding. Second, use a combination of data collection instruments, such as face-to-face interviews and questionnaires. Collect both quantitative and qualitative data to validate the results. Lastly, a year or two would be the best preference in conducting this research, especially it it is on a global scale.

The Relationship between Language and Content in Poetry Essay Example for Free

The Relationship between Language and Content in Poetry Essay For this assignment I have selected three poems to analyze the relationship between language and content in poetry. I want toattempt toanalyze the writting styles of three authors, whose work can be found from the book, The Art of Work. The three poems that I have selected are Share Croppers written by Langston Hughes, Factory Worker, written by Jim Daniels, and The Rope, written by Patricia Dobler. These are three poems that caught my eye and I became very interested in. The first poem I read for this assignment was Share-Croppers. This paticular poem seemed to have been written from the viewpoint of a slave who is captioning the hard work that had to be done as a sharecropper. Although this was a very short poem the expression by this author said a lot to capture any readers attention. For example the author gives you a picture as to how the sharecropper was left hungry and ragged afterr plowing away in fields. By reading this poem you are able to identify that Langston Hughes was very concerned about African American life through the use of certain dialect and terms. As you continue to read this poem over and over you are able to come to a conclusion that the era in which this poem was written goes back to a time after emancipation, when many blacks were forced to work as share croppers not being paid a dime,and where under the authority of white farm tenants. In this poem one starts to get a feelof what it was like to be a black share cropper unable to show any remores because this was a daily routine that took a toll over ever sharecropperss daily life. My next poem Factory Jungle seems to have been written from the viewpoint of a factory worker who is trying to enlighten the fact of being a determined ambitious worker, but also as one who is ready to end a long day at work. Just like many other authors. The author Jim Daniels has written a poem that uses many metaphors to paint a picture of a factory that gives off the idea of being a jungle. For example the author say, Id like to climb one of those ropes of light swing around the presses, welders etc. The language used by this author shows us a picture of a factory swinging freely amongst his work not having a care what so ever. These paticular terms of language enables us to get a physical picture of exactly what the factory worker is doing in the factory to change it into a jungle. Everyone understand that there is no way you are able to climb rope of light or even fly out of factory gates. This only catches the readers attention just the poem sharecroppers did. Keeping the same theme and indentifying the factroy as being a jungle, the author also uses a made elephant to represent the largest presses in the plant and allows us to paint another picture showing us the harm that this big machine could cause if fallen on your hand. In this part of the poem we find that the mad elephant allows us to think about how heavy and dangerous things could be when working around heavy machinery in this paticular factory. The author is being very creative throughout this poem, careful not to bore the reader. Jim Daniels used the correlation of swinging through the plant, then rippping off his coveralls, safety glasses, and ear plugs then pounding his chest and yelling like Tarzan. This again gives us that feeling showing us that this factory worker is feeling very free. Yet and still another picture has beenpainted for us. In my final poem that I have selected, I became silightly thrown off as to what this poem was trying to generate to the reader. Unlike the other two poems I used, this poem hardly used any language and dialect to allow the readers attention to be caught at once. As I read over this poem I figured that the viewpoint of this poem had to be written by a man who was dwelling on things that he could not make of life for him or a loved one and those things were haunting him. I came to this conclusion because the author says, Their vocies still wake me as I woke for years with a rise and fall. The author is not specific as to what she wants or doesnt want us to know. This poem does not paint a picture for me letting me feel and realize what exactly is going on. So by reading these three amazing poem we find many authors use some of the same styles, literary techniques and genres to help relate to readers. While other authors may leave you slightly wondering, and can often open your mind to wonder which can be a very positive matter. I personally relate better to readings that paint a picture allowing me to be side by side to what the author has written. Also while reading Ive found that not all poetic techniques were used but all three authors used something to help you understand the readings.

Introduction To Mechatronics System Engineering Essay

Introduction To Mechatronics System Engineering Essay Mechatronics is a word originated in Japan in 1980s to denote the combination of technologies which go together to produce industrial robots. The word, mechatronics ,is composed of mecha from mechanism and the tronics from electronics. In other words, technologies and developed products will be incorporating electronics more and more into mechanism, intimately and organically, and making it impossible to tell where one ends and the other begins. According to the Mechatronics forum, UK a formal definition of Mechatronics is the synergistic integration of Mechanics and Mechanical Engineering, Electronics, Computer technology, and IT to produce or enhance products and systems. W.Bolton defines mechatronics as A mechatronic system is not just a marriage of electrical and mechanical systems and is more than just a control system; it is a complete integration of all of them. A graphical representation of mechatronics,as shown in figure 1, illustrates integrated and inter-disciplinary appro ach of nature. 3.PNG Figure 1 Graphical representation of mechatronics Even though many people believe that the presence of mechanical, electrical, electronic components, and computers make a system mechatronics, others do not feel the same as there is nothing wrong with the individual identity. Hence , the term mechatronics should be used to represent a different meaning , namely ,a design philosophy, where mechanical, electrical, electronic components, and IT should be considered together in the design stage itself to obtain a compact, efficient, and economic product rather than designing the components separetly. A mechatronic engineer must be able to design and select mechanical devices, sensors, and actuators, analogue and digital circuits, microprocessor-based components, and control devices such as logic gates to design modern systems. ELEMENTS OF MECHATRONICS SYSTEM Various elements in typical mechatronic systems are shown and are described here under. Actuators and Sensors Signals and conditioning Digital logic systems Software and Data Acquisition systems Computers and Display devices. Actuators and Sensors: Sensors and actuators mostly come under mechanical systems. The actuators produce motion or cause some action. The sensors detect the state of the system parameters, inputs and outputs. The various actuators used in mechatronic system are pneumatic and hydraulic actuators, electro-mechanical actuators, electrical motors such as D.C motors, A.C motors, stepper motors, servo motors, and piezoelectric actuators. (Onwubolu, 2005) The various type of sensors used in mechatronic system are linear and rotational sensors, acceleration sensors, force, torque, and pressure sensors, flow sensors, temperature sensors, proximity sensors, light sensors. Signals and Conditioning: The mechatronic systems deal with two types of signal and conditioning: input and output. The input devices receive input signals from the mechatronic systems via interfacing devices and sensors, and then send to the control circuits for conditioning or processing. The various input signal conditioning devices used in mechatronic system are discrete circuits, amplifiers, analog-to-digital converters, digital-to-digital converters. The output signals are send to output/display devices through interfacing devices. (Bishop, 2002, pp. 1188-1195) Digital logic systems: Digital logic devices control overall system operation. The various digital logic systems are used in mechatronic system are logic circuits, microcontrollers, programmable logic controllers, sequencing and timing controls, control algorithms. (Onwubolu, 2005) Software And Data acquisition systems Digital logic systems Signals And Conditioning Actuators And Sensors Computers And Display devices Figure 2 Elements of a mechatronics system Software and Data acquisition systems: Data acquisition system acquires the output signals from sensors in the form of voltage, frequency, resistance etc and inputting into the microprocessor or computer. Software is used to control the acquisition of data through DAC board. (Bishop, 2002, pp. 1150-1188) The data acquisition system consists of multiplexer, amplifier, register and control circuitry, DAC board. Computer and Display devices: Computers are used to store large number of data and process further through software. Display devices are used to give visual feedback to the user. (Onwubolu, 2005) The various display devices used in mechatronic system are LEDs, CRT, LCD, digital displays etc. STAGES IN DESIGNING MECHATRONICS SYSTEMS The design process consists of the following stages: Stage1: Need for design The design process begins with a need. Needs are usually arise from dissatisfaction with an existing situation. Needs may come from inputs of operating or service personal or from a customer through sales or marketing representatives. They may be to reduce cost, increase reliability or performance or just change because of public has become bored with the product. (W.Bolton, 2003) Stage2: Analysis of problem Probably the most critical step in a design process is the analysis of the problem i.e., to find out the true nature of the problem. The true problem is not always what it seems to be at first glance. Its importance is often overlooked because this stage requires such a small part of the total time to create the final design. It is advantageous to define the problem as broadly as possible. (W.Bolton, 2003) If the problem is not accurately defined, it will lead to a waste of time on designs and will not fulfil the need. Stage 3: Preparation of specification The design must meet the required performance specifications. Therefore, specification of the requirements needs to be prepared first. This will state the problem definition of special technical terms, any constraints placed on the solution, and the criteria that will be used to evaluate the design. Problem statement includes all the functions required of the design, together with any desirable features. The following are some of the statements about the problem: -Mass and dimensions of design. -Type and range of motion required. -Accuracy of the element. -Input and output requirements of elements. -Interfaces. -Power requirements. -operating environment. -Relevant standards and code of practise, etc. (W.Bolton, 2003) Stage 4: Generation of possible solution This is often known as conceptualisation stage. The conceptualisation step is to determine the elements, mechanisms, materials, process of configuration that in some combination or other result in a design that satisfies the need. This is the key step for employing inventiveness and creativity. (W.Bolton, 2003) A vital aspect of this step is synthesis. Synthesis is the process of taking elements of the concept and arranging them in the proper order, sized and dimensioned in the proper way. Stage 5: Selection of suitable solution or Evaluation This stage involves a thorough analysis of the design. The evaluation stage involves detailed calculation, often computer calculation of the performance of the design by using an analytical method. (W.Bolton, 2003) The various solutions obtained in stage4 are analysed and the most suitable one is selected. Stage 6: Production of detailed design The detail of selected design has to be worked out. It might have required the extensive simulated service testing of an experimental model or a full size prototype in order to determine the optimum details of design. (W.Bolton, 2003) Stage 7: Production of working drawing The finalised drawing must be properly communicated to the person who is going to manufacture. The communication may be oral presentation or a design report. Detailed engineering drawings of each component and the assembly of the machine with complete specification for the manufacturing process are written in the design report. (W.Bolton, 2003) Stage 8: Implementation of design The components as per the drawings are manufactured and assembled as a whole system. OBJECTIVE: A coffee dispensing machine has to design using Mechatronic design methodology. The machine is to be used in the university campus. The machine should offer the coffee of user choice like latte, cappuccino, black and expresso. The machine use real coffee beans and milk for this process. The machine should identify the cup size for the particular choice and has to detect and intimate the missing and the wrong size of cup to the user. CONCEPTUAL DESIGN: A vital aspect of this stage is synthesis. Synthesis is the process of taking elements of the concept and arranging them in the proper order, sized and dimensioned in the proper way. Outline solutions are prepared for various possible models which are worked out in sufficient details to indicate the means of obtaining each of required functions. This is the structure of creating high-level for the system. USER REQUIREMENTS: The machine is to be used on a university campus. The machine will: Offer the user choice of ingredients e.g. with or without sugar and should offer the choice of latte, cappuccino, black and expresso. The machine will use real coffee beans and milk. Use two sizes of paper cups- large for latte and cappuccino and small for expresso. Cups will be put in position by the customer. Missing or wrong size cup has to be detected. The machine should accept only  £2,  £1, 50 pence coins and the cost of coffee will be  £1.50p. Change should be given automatically. The cost of machine should me not more than  £2000. The time to display coin is less than 2 seconds and time to make coffee is maximum 30 seconds. The dimension of coffee machine is 0.5 meter* 0.5 meter* 1 meter. Indication for system fault, system needs service and if the coins in the box attains maximum level. Digital display while processing is being carried in each stage to easily understand by the user so that he can communicate easily. It should be designed in such a way that machine should give an output signals when ingredients are empty and allow to refill Ease of maintenance The outer model of the coffee machine is shown below 2.PNG Figure 3- coffee vending machine The designing of coffee machine can be classified as, Automatic coin management system Automatic dispensing of coffee. AUTOMATIC COIN MANAGEMENT SYSTEM: The automatic coin management system should recognize coin, sorting of coin, change dispensing and the control of the associated human-machine interface. To detect the coin, the coin thickness and weight has to be considered. Since the machine will accept only  £2,  £1 and 50 pence the coin has to be detected properly by means of proper detection method. After the detection the coin has to send to their respective bin for storage. If the coin  £2 is inserted then change 50 pence has to be given automatically. In the display, respective value of coin or total value of coin is displayed. In the coin management system, the thickness of the coin, weight of the coin and the diameter of the coin are taken in to consideration. The table below will give detailed description of the following coin. Coins Thickness Weight diameter Image of coin  £2 2.50mm 12.0gram 28.4mm 3.PNG  £1 3.15mm 9.5gram 22.5mm 1983_REV.JPG 50p 1.78mm 8.0gram 27.3mm 50_PENCE_1982.JPG Table 1- coin properties (British coin properties, 2010) The probabilities of inserting coins in the machine are follows:  £1 + 50p 50p+50p+50p  £2 Return 50p 50p+ £2 Return both the coins Fake or counterfeit coins Return the coin The coins are collected in their respective bins. If the bin attains 180 coins the indication has to be made and if the coins in the 50 pence bin have less than 10 coins the indication is made for the operator. The size of  £2 collecting bin should be 50 cm (200*2.5mm=500mm) in height; the sensor is placed in bin at 45cm (180*2.5mm=450mm). The size of  £1 collecting bin is 63cm (200*3.15mm=630mm) in height; the sensor is placed in bin at 56.7cm (180*3.15mm=567mm). The size of 50 pence collecting bin should be 35.6cm (200*1.78mm=356mm) in height; this bin has two sensors to indicate maximum and minimum number of coins, maximum level sensor is placed at 32cm (180*1.78mm=320mm) and minimum level sensor is placed at 1.78cm (10*1.78mm=17.8mm). Consider if the machine has to accept  £2 coin means, first the coin is to be inserted, and then the sensor S1 senses the coin and activates the thickness and weight detector. If the detector detects  £2 coin means the solenoid V1 and V2 are not energised but the solenoid V3 is energised which make the pivotable gate G3 to point towards the  £2 bin. Then the solenoid valve in the 50 pence bin energised to return the change. The schematic representation of coin management is shown in figure 4. INSERT COIN aaaaase 50 pence bin 1 pound bin aaaaaa S1 Thickness detector Weight detector G1 V1 G2 V2 G3 2 pound bin S2 V3 S3 RETURN COIN Figure 4- schematic representation of coin management AUTOMATIC DISPENSING OF COFFEE: The automatic dispensing of coffee should grind coffee, fill brewing chamber, tamp down coffee grounds, brew coffee, detecting coffee cup, fill coffee cup and eject used grounds are to be made automatically. Automatic coffee dispensing process will trigger once the required money of the coffee has been received from the customers. Different procedures have to be followed to prepare different flavours of coffee. Expresso: The coffee beans are grinded finely and 7gm of powder is used for dosage to prepare 30ml of expresso. Tamping has to be done at 134N for 2seconds. The hot water at 92ÃÅ'Ã…   -96ÃÅ'Ã…   Celsius at 9-10 Bar pressure and have to be extracted at 25 seconds. Small cup has to be used. Latte: Expresso and hot milk at 92 degree Celsius has to be added. Large cup is used. Cappuccino: Expresso and milk foam (2/3 of cup) has to be mixed; large cup is used for collecting the cappuccino. Black coffee: expresso and more amount of water (2/3 of cup) is mixed and large cup is used. The cup has to be detected by means of the sensors. The two sensors are used for cup detection. To sense the small cup, the sensor has to be placed at its height. If the expresso is selected and the sensor for the small cup activated means the valve is opened to send the coffee to the cup. To detect large cup, the sensor for the small cup and another sensor placed at the height of large cup has to be activated. If not the user has to be informed in the display PLACE LARGE CUP. EMBODIMENT DESIGN: Power supply: Since all electronic circuits work only with low D.C voltage it needs a power supply unit to provide the appropriate voltage supply. This unit consists of transformer, rectifier, filter and regulator. A.C voltage typically 230V rms is connected to a transformer which steps that AC voltage down to the level to the desired AC voltage. A diode rectifier then provides a full-wave rectified voltage that is initially filtered by a small capacitor filter to produce a DC voltage. This resulting DC voltage usually has some ripples or AC voltage variations, regulator circuit can use this DC input to provide DC voltage that not only has much less ripple voltage but also remains the same DC value even the DC voltage varies somewhat, or the load connected to the output DC voltage changes. The power supply unit is a source of constant DC voltage. The required DC supply is obtained from the available AC supply after rectification, filtration and regulation. Transformer Rectifier Regulator Filter 230 V 5v AC DC 12V 12V 12V Figure 5- Block diagram of power supply. SENSORS: Proximity sensors: These types of sensors are used to determine the presence of nearby objects. They are essentially non contact two state devices which give ON-OFF outputs. The proximity sensor often emits an electromagnetic field or beam and look for changes in the field. The object being sensed is often referred to as the proximity sensors target. Different proximity sensors targets demand different sensors. Inductive proximity sensor: This sensor is used for the detection of ferrous metal objects over short distances. Inductive proximity sensors operate under the electrical principle of inductance. Inductance is the phenomenon where the fluctuating current, which by definition has a magnetic component, induces an electromotive force (emf) in a target object. (inductive proximity sensor, 2008) An inductive proximity sensor has four components; the induction coil, oscillator, detection circuit and output circuit. The oscillator generates a fluctuating magnetic field the shape of a doughnut around the winding of the coil that locates in the devices sensing face. When a metal object moves into the magnetic field of detection, eddy circuits build up in the metallic object. The sensors detection circuit monitors the oscillators strength and triggers an output signal from the output circuitry proportional to the sensed gap between probe and target. (inductive proximity sensor, 2008) This sensor is used as a sensor S1 in the coin detecting mechanism. Its range is about 50mm. Strain gauge load cell: The load cell is an electromechanical transducer that coverts load acting on it into an analogue electrical signal. Load cells provide accurate measurement of compressive and tensile loads. Load cells commonly function by utilizing an internal strain gauge that measures deflection. Because the modulus of the elasticity of a load cell is constant the amount of strain can be calibrated to determine the force upon the train in the load cell which is measured by strain gauge transducer. This strain gauge load cell is used because of its accuracy and its response time. This strain gauge is used for the detection of weight. By means of calculating the force the mass of the object can be identified Since, F= m.A Where, F= force, m= mass; A= acceleration. Mass of the coin is known, by calculating acceleration value, the force can be found. According to the force value the coin can be detected. This strain gauge works in the range of 0-50k lbs. accuracy in the range of 0.03- 0.05%, ( load cell, 2010). It is inexpensive too. This strain gauge load cell is used because of its accuracy and its response time. Strain gauge is attached to the object or the strained element where the force is being applied. As the object is stressed due to the applied force, the resulting strain deforms the strain gauge attached with it. This cause an increase in resistivity of the gauge which produces electrical signal proportional to the deformation (W.Bolton, 2003, pp. 36-37) .The measurement of resistivity is the measure of strain which in turns gives the measurement of force or load applied to the object. The change of resistance is generally very small and is usually measured using a Wheatstone bridge circuit where the strain gauges are connected to the circuit. Temperature sensor: Temperature measurement is needed in coffee machine to maintain the temperature of water and milk. Temperature is defined as the average kinetic energy of the individual molecules that comprise the system. As the temperature increases, the molecular activity also increases and thus the average kinematic energy increases. There are different sensors to measure the temperature they are: Bimetallic strip Resistance temperature detectors (RTDs) Thermistors Thermocouples Thermodiodes and transistors. Among this in coffee machine the thermistor is going to use. The most commonly used temperature sensors are resistance temperature detector (RTD) and thermistor. Both are temperature-sensitive resistors. Thermistor, a word formed by combining thermal with resistor. Thermistor is a non-linear device; their resistance will decrease with an increase in temperature, but at a much faster rate than that of RTDs. The resistance can change by more than 1000 times. As a result, thermistor can sense minute change in temperature that is otherwise undetected by RTDs and thermocouples, (W.Bolton, 2003, pp. 43-47). Thermistors are small, inexpensive devices that are most commonly made of metal oxides such as those of chromium, nickel, manganese and cobalt. The metals are oxidised through a chemical reaction, ground to a fine powder, then compressed and subject to very high heat. These oxides are semiconductors. Thermistors can be classified into two types depending on the temperature coefficient of resistance (k). If k is positive, the resistance increases with increasing temperature, and the device is called a positive temperature coefficient (PTC) thermistor or posistor. If k is negative, the resistance decreases with increasing temperature, and the device is called a negative temperature coefficient (NTC) thermistor. NTC thermistors are mostly used in temperature sensing devices where as the PTC thermistor are mostly used in electrical current control devices. The NTC thermistor is going to use in this coffee machine to sense the heat of water and milk. Thermistors respond quickly to temperature changes, and they have a higher resistance, so junction effects are not an issue. Typical accuracies are 1%, but the devices are not linear, have a limited temperature or resistance range and can be self heating. Compared to other sensors, thermistor have a limited measuring range, typically from -80 to 150 degree Celsius. To measure the temperature of water and milk this range is more enough. Advantage of using thermistor: High and fast output. Manufactured in almost any shape and size. Very high degree of accuracy. Good stability and repeatability. Has the ability to withstand mechanical and electrical stress. Temperature controller: The PID controller is used to control the temperature in the coffee machine. The purpose of using PID controller is it eliminates offset of the proportional mode and provides fast response. The three adjustment parameters here are proportional gain, integral time and derivative time. PID controller is the most complex of the conventional control mode combination. The PID controller can result in better control than the other controllers. The PID controllers are mainly used to control the process parameters like temperature, flow, etc. Level sensor: The measurement of level of the water and milk in the tank of coffee machine is very essential. There are number of devices to measure the level of the liquids in the tank. There are two methods in measuring the liquid they are direct and indirect method. Here direct method is going to use because the level if the liquid in the tank can be measured by means of float method, (W.Bolton, 2003, pp. 41-42). The most commonly used design in float type is hollow metal ball or sphere. Here there is no restriction to the size, shape or material used. The design consists of a ball float attached to a rod, which in turn is connected to the lever arm. A slider is attached in the lever is connected to the potentiometer. By means of this arrangement the level can be measured. The water for the machine is continuous that has to be controlled. The level in the water tank can be controlled automatically. The control system maintains water level in the storage tank. The system performs this task by continuously sensing the level in the tank and adjusting a supply valve to add more or less water to the tank. The desired level has to be set by the operator. The level transducer measures the level within the tank by using the float and potentiometer arrangement. The level transducer sends the signal which is the feedback for the control device. This feedback is compared with the desired level value to produce the required control action that will position the level control as needed to maintain the desired level. The level controller used here is PID controller. The block diagram of automatic tank-level control system is shown below. Infra red beam sensor: Infrared beam sensors used for detecting the cups. Consists of a transmitter and a receiver, and the integrated amplifier can produce infrared beam. The LEDs should be properly covered with a reflective material like glass or aluminium foils on the sides to avoid the spreading of the IR beam and to get a sharp focus of the beam. The receiver uses a sharp IR module. When the IR beam from the transmitter falls on the IR module, the output is activated this activates the relay and deactivated when the beam is obstructed. It has highly reliable performance. The operating range of this sensor is 0-6m. Operating temperature of this sensor is -20 degrees centigrade to 60 degrees centigrade. Aperture angle of infrared beam sensors is +/- 8 degrees. (sensors, 2010) Solenoids: A solenoid is a device which is used to convert an electrical signal in to mechanical motion usually in straight line. The solenoids are used in the coffee machine for various purposes like coin management, sending the coffee bean in to the grinder, to open the 50 pence bin to give change when  £2 coin is inserted. The two major parts in the solenoids is coil and movable iron core. The coil used here is to be DC which when energised pulls the core inside it and this result in the mechanical motion of the core. The amount of force by which the core is pulled depends on the amount of current flowing in the circuit and the number of coils. The solenoids are very cheap and its works under 24V DC. D.C Motor: The DC motors are widely used in modern control system and as a final control element in positional or speed control system. The D.C motor is used for the purpose of grinding the coffee beans. This motor has to be controlled. This can be done by means of closed loop control. This speed controller is done by means of pulse width modulation controllers. This has the advantage that its drives the bipolar power transistors rapidly between cut off and saturation where operation is very efficient. (B. Histand Alciatore, 1999) Feed back is used in this circuit to modify the motor speed even if the conditions are changed. Hydraulic pumps: The hydraulic pump is used for the purpose of pumping the water and milk from the tank. The reason for using hydraulic pump is it converts the mechanical energy supplied into hydraulic energy by lifting water or milk to higher levels. Hydraulic energy refers to potential and kinetic energy of a liquid. Hydraulic pumps are the energy-absorbing machines. Since, it requires mechanical power to drive. Lifting of water or milk to higher level is carried out by the various actions of pumps such as centrifugal action, reciprocating action etc. (hydraulic pump, 2010) Power, P = = = Flow rate, Q= Power, P= pressure * flow rate The advantage of using hydraulic systems are it is easy to produce and transmit hydraulic power, it is uniform and smooth, balancing hydraulic forces is easier, it is easy to maintain ,weight to power ratio is very less, it is easy to maintain, maximum fluid flow, frictional resistance is less and hydraulic systems are safe and compact. Gears: The gear is used during the tamping process. The process is based on the relative position of the shaft axes and the position of the teeth on the wheel. For this purpose, helical gear is used in this process. Helical gears are simple modification of spur gears. A helical gear has teeth in the form of helix around the gear. The angled teeth engage smoothly than do spur gear teeth. This causes helical gears to run more smoothly and quietly than the spur gears. This type of gear is used in high-speed application. Because of high-speed, pressure is produced. Where, pressure = mass * acceleration. The selection of ball and roller bearings for gear is considered upon the following factors, they are The load carrying capacity and the nature of the load The speed of shaft in R.P.M The anticipated life of bearings. Magnitude and direction of loads. The proportion of thrust to radial load. Human machine interface:- Human machine interface is an important part to design. As this is an automatic machine and the inputs to the machine are from the user, so there should be an interface between these two. This is accomplished with the help of buttons placed on the front panel. Also the touch sensors located at the back of each button are responsible to transfer the user inputs to the machine. The LED display informs the user regarding the process and intimate any faults in the system. Push buttons: The push button is used for the purpose of selecting the variety of coffee by the user. There are four push buttons in the machine. LED display: The dispensing machine should be capable of outputting text signals so that the user will know the process present state through LED display. Since the machine is made to be user friendly all the process happening in the machine as to informed to the user. If the coin is inserted that has to be informed to the user. The microprocessor is used to store all the information that has to be displayed for the ongoing process. If suppose, milk in the empty means through the level sensor the signal is sent to the microprocessor according to that it will send the output to the display as MILK TANK EMPTY. MICRO-CONTROLLER: It is the brain of coffee machine. The microcontroller contains a microprocessor, memory, I/O capabilities, and other on-chip resources. It is basically a microcomputer on the single chip. The main purposes of using the micro-controller are low cost, versatility, ease of programming and small size. This micro controller is physically embedded in the system to perform the control functions, (Onwubolu, 2005, pp. 205-256) . The PIC micro controller is the most commonly used micro-controller. This has various features like analogue to digital (A/D) and digital to analogue (D/A) converters, timers, digital I/O ports and a serial communication interface. The temperature and flow sensor gives analogue value that will be converted to digital in the micro-controller. So there is no need for external analogue to digital (A/D) converter in this process. Communication: Communication betwee

Escape to the Impossible - Original Writing :: Papers

Escape to the Impossible - Original Writing They’d been crawling for what seemed like days, or hours. How could they know? They could no longer contemplate the time, it seemed a long time ago when something as alien as time came into their lives. Even if they cared how would they know anyway? It was always dark down here, darker than anything the pair had ever known. Always on your sore hands and knees trudging through sewage pipes holding the faeces of an entire city’s population, each of them blissfully unaware of what was going on in their own spotless backyard. Simon accidentally sniffed before a sneeze, he instantly regretted it, the smell hit him like a shock wave, and he gagged, then explosively threw up into the suffocating darkness. But nothing came out, just a dribble of what was left of his acidic stomach juices, they had not eaten in days and were both famished and weak. â€Å"Simon, are you all right?† said Jasmine, his younger sister, who used to be very pretty until the day they had taken her and Simon away to the Camp. Now her eyes spoke of wordless horrors and her sleep was tormented by the private tortures she had endured. Now her cheeks were thin, her beautiful blonde hair straggly and dirty, and she had bags under her eyes from the lack of sleep her nightmares produced. â€Å"Yeah, in a minute.† Simon croaked, his throat burning still from his vomiting. They carried on crawling in silence. Oh and the silence, they dreaded it, imagine silence in the pitch black and then hearing the distant echo of footsteps, squelching through the unpleasant remains of dead rats and drunken takeaways. Not knowing whether they were real or unreal and that these might be the footsteps of someone tracking them – they too may be lost in the underground maze of pipes and sewers. Sometimes one of the two would try to hum a tune, but the silence like an animal instantly smothered them, until their humming

Free To Kill a Mockingbird Essays - The Families of Maycomb :: Kill Mockingbird essays

The Families of Maycomb    In the novel there are two families in the town of Maycomb that are very different. The Cunningham's and the Ewells have contrasting and opposite reputations. The Cunningham's are very respected in the town while the Ewells very much despised by the community. The Cunningham's show the respectability of hard worker or, where as Ewells are considered lazy. Miss Maudie is another character in the town who lives next to the Finch family. She is similar to the Cunningham's because she is a trusted figure who faces hard times very bravely and works hard in her garden.    The Cunningham's have pride, and are very respected by the citizen's of Maycomb County. The Cunningham's are given special privileges because there trusted. For example the Cunningham's paid Atticus Finch, a lawyer, for some legal work that Atticus did with their farm. They paid him not with money, but with food, and other services. The population of Maycomb County accepted this form of payment because they knew that the family had no money but was very honest, and extremely hard working. The Cunningham's would never take anything that they couldn't payback equally or with greater something of value. They were always considerate and would help you, and never consider about what was in it for them. The Cunningham's renewed their resources by doing this, people were glad to help them.    The Ewells were very different from the Cunningham's. Bob Ewell was a total drunk. He took what money he earned or stole and he drank it away. Mr. Ewell very rarely or if ever bought or cooked for his family a hot and total nutritious meal in his life. The Ewells used up the resources of the community. They scrounged around taking, and taking from others. People were disgusted when they helped the Ewells. The Ewells were liars, and were too ashamed to stop the slandering of Tom Robinson before it came uncontrollable, costing Tom his life.    Miss Maudie is a neighbor to the Finch Family. She shows more qualities of the Cunningham's and was a role model. Maudie respects others and minds her own business. She worked in her yard during the daytime and spent her evening on her front porch.

The Cost of Higher Education Essay -- Education College Graduate Schoo

Introduction The increasing cost of higher education in the United States has been a continuing topic for debate in recent decades. American society emphasizes the importance of education after high school, yet the cost of undergraduate and advanced degrees continually rises at a greater rate than inflation. According to the Advisory Committee on Student Financial Assistance, cost factors prevent 48% of college-qualified high school graduates from pursuing further education (McKeon, 2004, p. 45). The current system requires the majority of students to accumulate extensive debt with the expectation that they gain lucrative post-graduate employment to repay their loans. The cost of higher education raises several ethical issues. Among these are the perpetuation of the cycle of debt in American commercial society, the hierarchy of differing higher education institutions and cost, and the resulting socioeconomic and racial inequities in college demographics. Both an examination of the current trends and figures and a closer look at a real life example show the troublesome state of higher education and its effect on our commercial society. The Facts about Cost, Financial Assistance, and Loans Research indicates a steep upward trend in the cost of higher education throughout the 20th century. In recent decades, America has witnessed a widening gap between inflation and tuition. An incoming freshman at a typical college incurs charges for tuition, university fees, books, room and board, and other miscellaneous items. During the 1999-2000 academic year the total cost of attendance for full time undergraduates at a 2-year institution averaged $9,083, a 4-year public institution equaled $12,601, and a 4-year private... ...costs? USA Today, 123, 66-67. Retrieved November 29, 2004 from Academic Search Premier Database. Laurence, D. (2003, winter). Notes on the English major. ADE Bulletin 133, 3-5. Malveaux, J. (2004, July). Will tuition become a campaign issue? Black Issues in Higher Education, 21. Retrieved November 30, 2004 from Academic Search Premier Database. McKeon, H. P. (2004, January). Intervention is needed. USA Today, 1/5/04. Reiland, R. (1996, September) Deconstructing the ivory tower. National Review, 48, 36. Retrieved November 29, 2004, from Academic Search Premier Database. Through a different lens: A new angle on the price spiral in higher education. (2000, January/February). The National Center for Postsecondary Improvement. University of Minnesota. (2004). Retrieved December 12, 2004 from http://www1.umn.edu/twincities/01_about.php

The Christian Century

This article is written by Jimmy Carter, the thirty-ninth President of United States (1977-1981).   The article was published in   The Christian Century on September 20, 2005 in page No.32-35. This article was retrieved only for the purpose of academic pursuit and to gain more understanding from the article about Christian living.   In this task, the article written by Hon.Jimmy Carter, is being analyzed with all the due respect and honor to Sir.Jimmy Carter with a request to grant permit for the article analysis. Former President Hon.Jimmy Carter is presently associated with Maranatha Baptist Church in Plains, Georgia. The discussion is focused particularly about Christian diversions and what are the negative effects that Christian ministries are faced with in the present day church society. It is a great challenge to church leaders as well to the ministerial work that is carried in Christianity.   In letter to Galatians, St.Paul indicated that the three churches established in Lystra, Iconium and Derbe to where St.Paul began the first missionary journey,   where there was huge congregation in the beginning, began to become divided radically from the faith due to the rise of other requirements from leaders for acceptance and retention of fellowship which lead to chaos and disagreements among churches. This is a great threat and does not hold good for missionary work as well for Christian believers about churches unity.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Basic fundamental mistake was being committed by church leaders in Galatia who were departing from the gospel of Christ and were interested in adopting facets of Jewish law and circumcision.   The denominations are man-made viz., Methodist, Baptist, Presbyterians, Mennonites, Quakers and Catholics. There are also other issues in the article about fundamentalism, women preachers and about leadership of church.   St.Paul â€Å"Now I appeal to you, brothers and sisters, by the name of our Lord Jesus Christ, that all of you be in agreement and that there be no divisions among you, but that you be united in the same mind and the same purpose†(1 Cor 1:10). Author’s (Jimmy Carter) favorite Bible verse â€Å"Be kind one to another, tenderhearted, forgiving one another, as God in Christ has forgiven you† (Ephes 4:32)†. Article is reflecting on present day leadership in various denominations of church, women leadership in the church and whether such situation existed in the days of St.Paul.   The thesis of the Author is, follow and practice what St.Paul did in taking the gospel of Jesus Christ to various places and building congregations and not Christian radical associations or depicting superiority of men over women. Jesus Christ gave equal importance to women at par with men and never degraded women at any point of time throughout Jesus missionary work.   It was also stated here that women who would like to preach the gospel of Christ must   â€Å"Any woman who prays or prophesies with her head unveiled disgraces her head – it is one and the same thing as having her head shaved. For if a woman will not veil herself, then she should cut off her hair† Further the author states that as St.Paul stated â€Å"When I came to you, brothers and sisters, I did not come proclaiming the mystery of God to you in lofty words or wisdom. For I decided to know nothing among you except Jesus Christ, and him crucified† (I Cor 2:1-2)   The essence of the gospel should be that we are saved by the grace of God through faith in Jesus Christ and this is sufficient to carry on faith and religion and there is nothing much more important than this either to God or to Christians and believers of Jesus Christ. The article is in close association with New Testament especially with St.Paul missionary work that was much highly spirited in Galatia and in Corinth.   Paul through various missionary letters motivated friends, church leaders and even congregation in those times. Christian religion is one of the world’s most popular religion and there are many Christian churches around the world in various denominations. It is important to carry the unity and integrity of Christian religion whereas politics in Christian denominations, racism, gender differences and other social issues should not be included in gospel work or in church leaderships. Churches are basically human institutions wherein Christ believers grow in faith, carry gospel work and develop social and communal harmony which is the sole motive of any religion.     St.Paul confronted several problems in missionary work and in carrying the gospel of Christ and St.Paul did not give up and instead motivated associates towards evangelism and stated its importance. This article is an excellent piece of writing, that must really be an inspiration to those who are endeavoring in gospel work and those who are actively participant in building up of new churches in various places. Reference Jimmy Carter (2005) ,Back to Fundamentals Accessed May 9, 2008 http://www.religion-online.org/showarticle.asp?title=3249   

Economic growth Essay

frugal harvest-home refers to the increase in the levels of a artlesss wealth and capital as a upshot of everyplacebearing commute in the levels of business of goods and services during a certain spot of time. 1 sparing harvest-home is usually ignited by technical advancements and positive external forces. Economic off erect arse be measured all in terms of titular product or rattling return. titular maturation takes flash into account and therefore demonstpaces stintingal emersion as give the sack Domestic Product while real maturement does non account for inflation and thence demonst judge sparing ripening as deck-to-earth Domestic Product.Economic offset is usually fit(p) by levels of Gross Domestic Product (GDP). GDP is the preferent mode of measuring stinting harvest-time beca give increase or decrease in the GDP levels in a read reflects the real the standards of living of its community. GDP is the intact market tax of all final p roducts of all final goods and services holdd in a country in a given course of instruction expressed in m angiotensin-converting enzymey value. 2 GDP of a country equals total consumer investments and government spending, confirming the value of exports, minus the value of imports. As much(prenominal)(prenominal), GDP can be summarised as follows GDP = Consumption + gross investiture + Government Spending + (Exports-Imports) or just GDP = C+I+G+(X-M). However, it must be noned that frugal increment entails more than just continent commute of scale of frugalal magnitudes. By its very(prenominal) own temperament, yield modifies stinting coordinates thereby adjusting the ecumenical scientific and social dynamics in a country. bourguignon sauce points out that scotchal egress whitethorn modify the sphere of influenceal structure of an frugal building block, star(p) to close down of firms in one sector and foundation garment of sore firms in another.3 b ourguignon further notes that harvest modifies the structure of prices, thus affecting the standard of living in households in a way that depends on their consumption preferences. 4 Moreover, stinting harvest-feast calls for increase technological innovations which in turn increases the necessity for increase technological knowledge and skills, a accompaniment that would require digit magnitude investment in education and better remuneration for holders of such outstanding skills.The final and most historic attribute of stinting growth is that it reduces the extensive availability of public goods such as adequate water cede and tasteful air due to increase pollution. Consequently, this may call for intervention and preventive measures in companionship to principal(prenominal)(prenominal)tain adequate supply of the environmental goods. Therefore, economic growth meetings on the economy, social structures and environmental factors of a country. Therefore, people, as the human factors of economic growth confront very important components of economic growth. small-arm economic growth is primarily control by state dynamics and machinery, the inter put finisheds deep down the societal fabric bear of import impact on the manner in which economic growth may either be beneficial or bruising to the long take of the people. 5 Therefore, the interestingness of economic growth presents as much benefits as threats to the long-run interests of the people. The different principles and models of economic growth be best exhibit by different existing theories of economic growth. 1. J. Mokyr, Long-term economic growth and level of engineering, Department of political economy and history, Northwestern University, 2005, p.33 2. R. Lucas, lectures on economic growth, Cambridge, Harvard University Press, 2002, p. 41 3. F. Bourguignon, enchiridion of economic growth, World Bank, 2006, p. 7 4. F. Bourguignon 5. E. Helpman, The conundrum of economic growt h, Cambridge Harvard University, 2004, p. 7 speculative background Although there atomic number 18 some theories and models of economic growth, the exogenic guess of economic growth and the endogenetic opening of economic growth provide the most brainy theoretical background on issues concerning economic growth.The exogenous theory was forward-looking by the neo-classical theorists while the endogenous theory was move by the modern economic theorists. The exogenous theory of economic growth was advanced by Robert Solow and Trevor flap. The theory states that long-run tempo of growth of a system is determined by forces outside the system. 6The main prediction of this theory is that an economy provide evermore converge towards a pie-eyed state of growth which depends absolutely on the rate of technological come out and growth of labour.The theory is base on a series of equations which demonstrate the human relationship mingled with labour, time, capital goods, outpu t and investments. The main product line of the exogenous growth theory is based on the assumption that capital enlargement is present to diminishing returns. Therefore, given a fixed amount of labour force, the impact on the output of the last unit of capital accumulated go out always be less than the impact on the preceding units. 7 This cycle continues to a point where new amounts of technological progress and labour force adds no new value to capital produced.New technological innovations and labour force output exactly serve to replenish the loss of value to existing capital due to depreciation. Solow and Swan refer to this as static state of growth. Modern theorists such as Barro, Ormerod, and Romer disagreed with the psyche of static state of growth subject to diminishing returns as advanced by the exogenous theorists. They therefore developed a more relevant and realistic theory that came to be referred to as the endogenous theory.Proponents of endogenous growth theory argue that comparisons among trends of toil in industrialised countries today and before industrialisation reveal that growth was softend and bear on by forces within as op pose to forces outside the countries. The endogenous theory states that economic growth is generated from within a system as a drive result of internal processes. 8 jibe to the endogenous theorists, improvement in productivity can be linked to a faster pace of innovation and connected investment in human capital.The theory notes that the enhancement of a nations human capital will look at to economic growth by means of the increase of new form of technology that will lead to efficient and satisfactory means of achievement. 9 The main focus of the endogenous theorists lies on the use up for both government and surreptitious sector institutions to nurture innovations through incentives that will get on individuals to be innovative. As Romer points out, the rate of technological progress should not be interpreted given in a growth model, but rather, appropriate government policies take aim to be applied in order to raise a countrys growth rate.10Such policies should exceptionally be targeted towards creating higher levels of competition in markets and great innovation initiatives among individuals. endogenetic theorists identify private investment in re search and development as being the key movement force for technical progress. Furthermore, protection of lieu rights and patents can provide the incentive to engage in research and development. 6. R. M. Solow, limited review of political economy and statistics, Technical heighten and the aggregate production function 1957, P. 39 7. Solow 8.P. Romer, follow-up of economic science and statistics, Technical modification and the aggregate production function 1957, P. 73 9. Romer p. 74 10. Romer p. 81 Why the search of economic growth is not in peoples long-term interest Concerns to the effect that the pursuit of econ omic growth is not in peoples long-term interest are very much authorize by the ac attribute worrying trends of economic growth. While proponents of economic growth credit rating more benefits associated with economic growth, such benefits lonesome(prenominal) stand to serve peoples short-term interests.It is increasingly becoming seeming that just like the past, the current economic growth initiatives are being undertaken with circumstantial regard to long-term repercussions of such initiatives. hotshot of the most important long-term interests that economic growth should insure is the safety and preservation of the ecosystem, which will in turn guarantee peoples long-term interests. To the contrary, the aspects of the safety of natural resources and the environmental preservation are the most abused by economic growth. however, the dilatory destruction of the environment harbours the endangerment of ultimate destruction of the planet earth. Without action on modalit y change, economic growth and development are likely to generate levels of jethouse gas emissions that would be very damaging. 11 Economic growth is plain increasing the demand for dodo-fuel dynamism, thus the also-ran to implement appropriate international collective actions will allow manufacturers and consumers to continue with their notional susceptibility consumption behaviours, thereby pose greater threats of adverse climatic change. capable supply of the environmental goods is lining straight challenges as economic growth continues to bust up havoc on the environment. The rear redirect examination Report on the Economics of modality Change (2006) identified that the world ecosystem is facing threats of eminent destruction due to increased levels of super acidhouse emissions to the atmosphere. According to the behind Report, babys room-gas concentrations in the atmosphere stood at around 430 ampere-second dioxide equivalents as of 2006, compared to 280ppm be fore industrial revolution.12The whelm pollution is as a result of combined forces of emissions of cyanogenetic gases from the power sectors, ravish sectors, building sectors, industry sectors, land use sectors and land use sectors throughout the world. Indeed, these particular sectors represent the key driving forces of economic growth. As pointed out in the Stern Report emissions beget been driven by economic development. Carbon dioxide emissions have potently been correlated with GDP per head crosswise time and countries.North America and europium have produced around 70% of carbon dioxide emissions from energy production since 1850, while developing countries account for less than one one-quarter of cumulative emissions. 13 Annual emissions are increasing at constant rates year after year. Between 1950 and the year 2000, emission of Carbon dioxide which accounts for the largest share of green house gases, grew by 2. 5% annually. 14The Stern Report further warns that with out action to flake climate change, atmospheric concentration of green house gases will continue to rise.In a plausible business as usual scenario, they will reach 555ppm carbon dioxidee by the year 2035. 15 Moreover, total emissions are bound to increase more promptly than emissions per head in tandem with the projections that planetary understructure will remain positive until 2050. 11. Stern critique cover on political economy of change, pretend of climate change on growth and development, November 2006, p. 169 12. Greenhouse gases are usually converted to a parking lot unit, CO2 equivalent, which measures the amount of carbon dioxide that would produce the corresponding global warming say-so (GWP) over a given period as the total amount of greenhouse gas in question.13. Stern Review report on economics of change 14. Stern Review report on economics of change 15. Stern Review report on economics of change These are the most shocking revelations concerning the gradual and unabated destruction that economic growth is imposing on the environment The afterlife generations remain ex comprise to the risks of frequent disasters that are associated with global warming. Such risks include sustenance and water shortages, increase air pollution, increased desert cover, rise in sea levels as well as increased frequencies of tornadoes and tsunamis.Obviously, such threats of climatic change will impact negatively on population growth and living conditions for the people in upcoming. Table 1 demonstrates a garland of experiences across different countries of the world. The EU and the economies in transition reported considerable step-down in carbon intensity during the period. However, India went against the grain and significantly increased carbon emissions during the same period. Developing countries registered significant growth in populations as well as growth in GDP per head.Equally remarkable is the tremendous decrease in the energy intensity of o utput in India and China. This slacken clearly demonstrates that despite the high levels of emissions, m whatever countries undertook important economic reforms in the 1990s, a move that led to marked improvements in utilisation of energy, with many countries registering significant reductions in wasteful use of energy. Risks comprise by economic growth are set to reduce with increased toleration of energy efficient production strategies that will regard environmental conservation while not hurting long-term growth rate targets.Why the pursuit of economic growth is in peoples long-term interest Despite the many reservations that opponents of economic growth have, there exists a general consensus that economic growth is a demand requirement for the well being of the current and future generations. The future can nevertheless be secures through persistent creation of wealth and capital. Industrial revolution is credited for having ignited economic growth and eventual improvemen t of living standards.The significance of industrial revolution is best captured by the Malthusian theory of economic growth which argues that industrial revolution and advancement in care for translated to increased life expectancy and bring down infant mortality. 15 15. R. Lucas, lectures on economic growth, Cambridge, Harvard University Press, 2002, p. 49 According to the Malthusian theory, this industrial revolution culminated to increased income and population growth and eventual increase in income per capita in industrialised counties, and lasted for many old age thereafter.16Therefore, economic growth remains a very important component sustained development of both current and future generations. Conclusion It is evident that economic growth also corresponds to processes of rapid replacement and reorganisation of human activities as well as natural resources, all in the philia of investment and maximisation of returns. As such, this credit of the exponential abilities o f the human race, as facilitated by self-organised life support and cultural systems, is a chit of the creative and flexible nature of human beings which however, is highly unpredictable in many ways.17 Environmental threats posed by economic growth not withstanding, economic growth remains an important transition that this world must undergo. Therefore, the challenges posed by economic growth can best be tackled through creation of a balance between the counterpoint concepts economic growth and mitigation of risks posed by economic growth. Economic growth is a manifestation of technological change. Yet the essence of technological modernity is non-stationery many scholars have acknowledged that technological change has become self propelled and autocatalytic, whereby change feeds on change.Thus unlike other form of growths, technology is not bound from above. Inventions have become a norm thus are unstoppable by forces of any nature. 18 The stern Report acknowledges that the rela tionship between economic growth and CO2 emissions is not immutable. There are realistic examples where change in energy technologies, the structure of economies and the pattern of demand have cut the responsiveness of emissions to income growth, particularly in the richest countries. slopped deliberate policy choices will be needed, however, to decarbonise both developing countries on the scale required for climate stabilization.19 This is in itself a confirmation that effective protection and conservation of the environmental goods can be achieved tremendously through the adoption of energy efficient production strategies that will ensure environmental conservation while not hurting long-term growth rate targets. However, wide scope strategies should be employed in the master cause of environmental protection. Strategies that are over reliant on reduction of fossil fuels may not be sufficiency to stop the overwhelming emissions of roughshod gases. otherwise strategies such a s radical careen shifts towards service based economies have turn out effective in slowing down or reversing the increase in emissions of poisonous gases to the atmosphere. 20There should also be increased lobbying for the adoption of the Kyoto Protocol of Climate Change by all countries in the world, including the United States. be the worlds largest economy, the United States releases the highest amounts of toxic gas emissions to the atmosphere, yet the country has refused to pull in the Kyoto protocol which seeks to protect the world from being further exposed to the threat of climatic change.16. R. Lucas, lectures on economic growth, Cambridge, Harvard University Press, 2002, p. 48 17. E. Helpman, The conundrum of economic growth, Cambridge Harvard University, 2004, p. 16 18. J. Mokyr, Long-term economic growth and history of technology, Department of Economics and history, Northwestern University, 2005, p. 37 19. Stern Review report on economics of change, Impact of climat e change on growth and development, November 2006, p. 169 20. Stern Review report on economics of change Bibliography Aghion, P. & Steven N. Durlauf, (Ed), Handbook of economic growth, Vol.1B. Elsevier B. V. , 2005. Bourguignon, F. Handbook of economic growth, World Bank, 2006. Helpman, E. The mystery of economic growth, Cambridge Harvard University, 2004 Larry E. J. Neoclassical models of endogenous growth the effects of physical policy, innovations and fluctuations, Elsevier B. V. 2005 p. 9-32. Lucas, R. lectures on economic growth, Cambridge, Harvard University Press, 2002 Mokyr, J. Long-term economic growth and history of technology, Department of Economics and history, Northwestern University, 2005, p.32 43 Romer, P. Journal of Political Economy, Endogenous technological change, Vol. 98, No. 5, Oct. 1990. p. 71-102. Solow R. M. Review of economics and statistics, Technical change and the aggregate production function 1957, P. 37-51 Stern Review report on economics of change, I mpact of climate change on growth and development, November 2006, retrieved on 29 March 2007, http//www. hm-treasury. gov. uk/media/3/2/Chapter_7_Projecting_the_Growth_of_Greenhouse-Gas_Emissions. pdf